HUMAN NUTRITION Flashcards
What are the effects of kwashiorkor and marasmus
kwashiorkor- – underweight, edema of the abdomen and legs, sparse dry hair, flaky skin, fatty liver
Marasmus – very low body mass, thin arms and legs, little muscle or fat. Wizened, old-looking face
What is the difference between kwashiorkor and
marasmus?
Kwashiorkor is protein deficiency whereas marasmus is not enough energy intake in many forms (not just protein)
What is kwashiorkor?
Types of protein deficiency
What are the effects of iron deficiency?
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Chest pain
Anaemia – less heamoglobin made / fewer red
blood cells. Less oxygen transported. Feeling of
fatigue / lack of energy, shortness of breath, heart
palpitations, pale complexion.
Menstruation issues
issues during pregnancy
What are the causes of iron deficiency?
- A diet lacking iron
- Blood loss
- Pregnancy
insufficient iron in the diet
enough iron, but issues with absorbing
it
What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency?
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in
children which leads to weak bones which can cause deformities
Needed for the small intestine to absorb calcium
Rickets in children – soft, poorly growing bones that
bend into a curve. Adults – osteomalacia – soft
bones, increasing risk of fracture.
What are the causes of vitamin D deficiency?
- Not enough sunlight
- Not enough oily fish, egg yolks or
fortified milk
Give 2 sources of insoluble fibre
Wholemeal bread
Nuts
Give 2 sources of soluble fibre
Oats
Fruit
What are the 2 main groups of dietary fibre?
Soluble fibre
Insoluble fibre
Give 2 sources of calcium in the die
Milk
Cheese
Give 2 sources of iron in the diet
Brown rice
Meat
Give 2 sources of Vitamin D in the die
Oily fish
Eggs
Give 2 sources of Vitamin C in the diet
Fruit
Vegetables
Give 3 sources of protein in the die
Meat
Fish
Nuts
Give 3 sources of fat in the diet
Oily fish
Nuts
Full-fat dairy
Give 3 sources of carbohydrates in the diet?
Pasta
Bread
Potato
What is scurvy caused by
A lack of vitamin C
What is constipation?
Infrequent bowel movements causing
difficulty passing faeces
What is starvation?
Loss of weight as fat reserves are used.
Muscle wasting - Proteins in muscles eventually
broken down and used as an energy source
emaciated appearance
Also show some of the deficiency diseases below
What is constipation caused by?
A lack of dietary fibre
Why do pregnant/breastfeeding women need a
larger caloric intake?
They need more energy to support the
development of the child. The diet needs
to be balanced as well to provide the
correct nutrients
Which general group of people require the most
calories in their diet?
Adolescent males with active lifestyles
What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet is a diet that contains the
correct proportions of nutrients that the
body needs to function correctly (e.g.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
components of a balanced diet
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, fibre
BMR
basic metabolic rate
what do young children need more of
protein per unit of body mass because they are constantly developing and need to make new cells
elderly people have ___ energy and protein needs and a ____ BMR
lower
lower
women have a relatively higher content of what than men
what is the result of this?
fat
stored in fat tissue under the skin
Fat has a lower metabolic rate than muscle, so women generally have a lower energy requirement than men
fats provide more energy per gram than what?
carbohydrates and proteins
where does saturated fat come from
animals
where does unsaturated fat come from
fish and plants
why is saturated foods bad
they increase concentration of cholesterol in our blood
what is cholesterol
chemical made in the liver and found in the blood
quantity produced depends on our DIET and GENES that determine our metabolism which is inherited
high fat diets can increase the risk of ?
producing more cholesterol and having a higher concentration of it in the blood
why is cholesterol bad
linked to narrowing of the arteries
increased risk of developing high blood pressure and heart disease
2 types of unsaturated fat
monounsaturated- little effect on blood cholesterol
polyunsaturated- reduce cholesterol concentration which helps reduce heart disease
Dietary Importance of Lipids
Long term energy store (1g fat = x2 energy of 1 g carbohydrate)
Insulation
Component of cell membranes
Buoyancy (aquatic orgs)
Carbohydrates can be _ _ molecules such as _ or larger, more complex
molecules such as _ , _ or _ . These complex molecules are made of
many / molecules joined into _.
Carbohydrates can be simple sugars molecules such as glucose or larger, more complex
molecules such as starch , glycogen or cellulose . These complex molecules are made of
many sugar/glucose molecules joined into chains.
what do organisms use their nutrients for
energy
growth and repair
regulate metabolism
how nutrients allow growth and repair
proteins provide source of amino acids for cells to make their own protein
how nutrients regulate the body’s metabolism
vitamins and minerals needed in very small quantities in the diet, helps regulate
how nutrients provide energy
mainly role of carbs and fats
proteins only if they are in excess of requirements for growth, development, repair and replacement
energy in food released during respiration
Dietary Importance of Protein
Making new tissues (growth)
Repair and replacement of old or damaged cells.
Important materials are made of protein – enzymes, some
hormones, antibodies, blood proteins
Dietary Importance of Carbohydrate (sugars)
Sugars
energy - main fuel for respiration
nectar - attract pollinators
fruit – attract animals for seed dispersal
Honey, fruit, milk, some
vegetables
Dietary Importance of Carbohydrate
. starch (plants) and glycogen (animals).
Dietary Importance of Carbohydrate (sugars)
Rice, cereals, corn, roots or tubers (eg potato), flour products eg pasta and bread, beans, liver (animals) (short term) energy store don’t affect the osmotic potential of cells
Dietary Importance of Carbohydrate
cellulose
structural component of plant cell walls
acts as roughage in gut to prevent constipation
Fruit, veg, wholemeal foods
Vitamins
what, quantity and job
complex organic substances, needed in small quantities to maintain normal health.
Many of them help enzymes carry out their job as catalysts.
Minerals
what, quantity and job
are simple inorganic ions, needed in small quantities to maintain normal health.
Fibre
or roughage is cellulose that comes from plant cell walls.
vitamin c importance
Tissue repair
resistance to disease
vit d imp
strong bones and teeth
iron imp
Used to make Haemoglobin in red blood cells, which
carries oxygen around the body
fibre or roughage imp
Not digested, so helps provide bulk to the food for easy
passage of food through the gut, avoiding constipation.
plays a role in lowering cholesterol
water
Water makes up 2/3 of our body mass solvent for chemical reactions reactant/product in many reactions transport of dissolved materials around the body cooling (evaporation of sweat) excretion (urine, sweat)
energy requirements pregnancy
foetus will take all of the nutrients it needs from the mother (via the placenta).
It is important that the mother has enough calcium and vitamin D in her diet for the baby’s skeleton
enough protein to build tissues, enough iron for heaemoglobin etc.
energy req breastfeeding
breast milk rich in proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins and minerals.
‘complete food’ for the baby containing all its nutritional requirements
nutrients will be taken from the mothers blood by cells in the milk glands of the breast.
- mother is undernourished she may not be able to make sufficient milk of a high quality.
elderly people may not be as efficient at what
absorbing or retaining some minerals, eg
calcium which may lead to health conditions (eg osteoporosis).
anaemia
condition characterised by a lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells resulting in tiredness and weakness.
may be due to a deficiency in iron
obesity
the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fatty deposits under the skin or in the abdomen
generally bc of eating too much and exercising too little
