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Human Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet consists of all of the food groups in the correct proportions.

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2
Q

What are the necessary food groups in a balanced diet?

A

The necessary food groups are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, and water.

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3
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Source of energy.

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4
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Growth and repair.

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5
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Insulation and energy storage.

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6
Q

What is the function of dietary fibre?

A

Provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push food through it.

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7
Q

What is the function of vitamins?

A

Needed in small quantities to maintain health.

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8
Q

What is the function of minerals?

A

Needed in small quantities to maintain health.

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9
Q

What is the function of water?

A

Needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells.

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10
Q

What are some sources of carbohydrates?

A

Bread, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes.

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11
Q

What are some sources of proteins?

A

Meat, fish, eggs, pulses, nuts.

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12
Q

What are some sources of lipids?

A

Butter, oil, nuts.

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13
Q

What are some sources of dietary fibre?

A

Vegetables, whole grains.

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14
Q

What are some sources of vitamins?

A

Fruits and vegetables.

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15
Q

What are some sources of minerals?

A

Fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy products.

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16
Q

What are some sources of water?

A

Water, juice, milk, fruits, and vegetables.

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17
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A

Forms an essential part of collagen protein, which makes up skin, hair, gums, and bones.

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18
Q

What is the deficiency caused by a lack of Vitamin C?

A

Scurvy.

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19
Q

What are some sources of Vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruit, strawberries, green vegetables.

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20
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Helps the body to absorb calcium and so is required for strong bones and teeth.

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21
Q

What are some sources of Vitamin D?

A

Oily fish, eggs, liver, dairy products, also made naturally by the body in sunlight.

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22
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in the clotting of blood.

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23
Q

What is the deficiency caused by a lack of calcium?

A

Osteoporosis later in life.

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24
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Needed to make hemoglobin, the pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

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25
What are some sources of iron?
Red meat, liver, leafy green vegetables like spinach.
26
How does age affect dietary needs?
The amount of energy that young people need increases towards adulthood as this energy is needed for growth.
27
How does activity level affect dietary needs?
The more active, the more energy required for movement as muscles are contracting more and respiring faster.
28
How does pregnancy affect dietary needs?
During pregnancy, energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing fetus.
29
What is scurvy?
Scurvy is the name for a severe vitamin C deficiency.
30
What are the symptoms of scurvy?
Anemia, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, swelling, gum ulcerations, tooth loss.
31
What is rickets?
Rickets is a condition in children characterized by poor bone development.
32
What are the symptoms of rickets?
Bone pain, lack of bone growth, soft, weak bones (sometimes causing deformities).
33
What causes rickets?
A severe lack of vitamin D.
34
How can rickets be treated?
By increasing consumption of foods containing calcium and vitamin D or by prescribing vitamin D supplements.
35
What is the digestive system?
The digestive system is an example of an organ system.
36
What organs make up the alimentary canal?
The organs include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), and large intestine (colon, rectum, and anus).
37
What are the associated organs of the digestive system?
The associated organs include the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
38
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
The function of the digestive system is to digest food and absorb nutrients.
39
What are the stages of digestion?
The stages include ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and egestion.
40
What occurs during ingestion?
Food and drink are taken into the body through the mouth.
41
What happens during mechanical digestion?
Food is broken down into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.
42
What is chemical digestion?
Large, insoluble molecules are broken down into small, soluble molecules.
43
What is absorption in the digestive process?
Small food molecules and ions move through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
44
What is egestion?
Food that has not been digested or absorbed passes out of the body as faeces.
45
What happens to nutrients after absorption?
Nutrients are assimilated into the body when taken up by the cells.
46
What is the function of the mouth in digestion?
Food is ingested here and the teeth break it down into smaller pieces during mechanical digestion.
47
What do salivary glands do?
Saliva is secreted into the mouth, and the enzyme amylase begins to digest starch into maltose.
48
What is the role of the oesophagus?
This tube connects the mouth to the stomach and uses peristalsis to force food downwards.
49
What happens in the stomach?
Churning continues mechanical digestion, protease enzymes begin protein digestion, and hydrochloric acid provides a suitable pH.
50
What is produced in the liver?
Bile is produced, aiding in the digestion of fats and neutralising stomach acid.
51
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Bile is stored here before being released into the duodenum.
52
What does the pancreas produce?
Amylase, protease, and lipase enzymes are produced before being released into the duodenum.
53
What occurs in the duodenum?
Food enters from the stomach, acidic contents are neutralised by bile, and enzymes complete chemical digestion.
54
What happens in the ileum?
Food and water are absorbed into the blood via villi in the lining.
55
What is the function of the colon?
Remaining water is absorbed from food, and solid waste forms faeces.
56
What is the role of the rectum?
Faeces are stored here prior to egestion.
57
How does egestion occur?
Faeces leave the body via the anus.
58
What is physical digestion?
Physical digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.
59
What processes help during physical digestion?
The processes that take place during physical digestion help to increase the surface area of food for the action of enzymes during chemical digestion.
60
How is physical digestion mainly carried out?
It is mainly carried out by the chewing action of the teeth, the churning action of the stomach, and the emulsification of fats by bile in the duodenum.
61
What are the types of human teeth?
Different teeth have different shapes, enabling them to perform slightly different functions: Incisors are chisel-shaped for biting and cutting; Canines are pointed for tearing, holding, and biting; Premolars and molars are large, flat surfaces with ridges for chewing and grinding up food.
62
What is the role of the stomach in digestion?
The stomach's role is to break down large insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble food molecules to provide the body with nutrients.
63
What happens in the stomach during digestion?
The stomach lining contains muscles that contract to physically squeeze and mix the food with strong digestive juices, also known as 'stomach churning'.
64
What are the two main roles of bile?
Bile is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach and breaks down large drops of fat into smaller ones, known as emulsification.
65
What is chemical digestion?
Chemical digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.
66
Why is chemical digestion required?
Chemical digestion is required because large insoluble molecules are unable to be absorbed through the wall of the small intestines.
67
What are amylases and their function?
Amylases are produced in the mouth and pancreas and digest starch into smaller sugars.
68
What do proteases do?
Proteases break down proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
69
What is the function of lipases?
Lipases digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
70
What is hydrochloric acid's role in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria in food and provides an acid pH for enzymes to work in the stomach.
71
How does a low pH help in the stomach?
A low pH kills bacteria in food and ensures conditions remain optimal for enzymes like pepsin to work efficiently.
72
What is the process of starch digestion?
Amylase digests starch into maltose, which is then digested into glucose by maltase on the membranes of the small intestine.
73
What is absorption in digestion?
Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules from the digestive system into the blood and lymph.
74
Where is most water absorbed in the digestive system?
Most absorption of water (around 80%) happens in the small intestine.
75
How is the ileum adapted for absorption?
The ileum is long and has a highly folded surface with millions of villi, increasing the surface area for faster and more efficient absorption.
76
Digestive System

Biology (9 decks)

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