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Life Science, T2 > Human Nervous System > Flashcards

Human Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

Communication system needed by all organisms to sense changes in environment and control responses to these changes in order to survive

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2
Q

Nervous system functions

A
  1. Gathers information using senses
  2. Transmits info to brain
  3. Processes info
  4. Formulates responses to stimuli
  5. Sends info back through network of effector organs to execute response
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3
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

Brain
Nerves
Spinal cord

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of brain & spinal cord

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5
Q

Parts of brain we’re exploring

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Medulla oblangata
Spinal cord

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6
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Structure connecting left & right hemisphere of brain allowing communication between them

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7
Q

Medulla oblangata

A

Part of brain merging with spinal cord controlling involuntary reflexes
e.g) regulation of cardiovascular & breathing activity

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8
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that protect brain

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9
Q

Skull

A

Rounded Kaye rof bone meant to protect brain from penetrating injuries

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10
Q

Interior skull surface danger

A

Many protuberances with ridges that can cause injury to temporal lube of brain during rapid acceleration

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11
Q

blood vessels of skull

A

Brain Requires rich blood supply & space between skull & cerebrum contain these.

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12
Q

Whag happens when blood vessels are ruptured in skull

A

Result in bleeding

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13
Q

Stroke

A

Broken blood vessel causing pressure in brain resulting in brain not recieveing oxygen & nutrients
Therefore dies

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14
Q

Pituary gland

A

Part of brain secreting endocrine hormones

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15
Q

Hypothalamus & importance

A

Control center (e.g, hunger, sleep, emotions)
Importance :
Regulates body temp, food intake, osmoregulation
Controls autonomic nervous system, sleep wake cycles, endocrine system

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain controlling:
voluntary actions
recieving & interpreting sensations
Higher mental /emotional activities

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17
Q

Visual cortex

A

sensory impulses travel from eyes via optic nerve into this part of cerebrum.

Damage results to blindness

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18
Q

Auditory areas

A

Side parts of cerebrum that used for hearing

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19
Q

Cognition

A

Front of cerebrum controlling higher mental activities & allowing one to feel emotions.

Damage to this causes mentak/personality changes.

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest part of brain that:
Maintains equilibrium
Coordinates half automatic movement of posture maintainance & walking
Adjusts muscle tone

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21
Q

Brainstem

A

Primitive part of brain controlling basic functions of life.
Divided into 3 parts : midbrain, pons,medulla oblangata

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22
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Neuron carrying impulses to CNS

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23
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Progressive mental deterioration occurring in old age due to generalized degeneration of brain

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary actions

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25
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Watery fluid continuously produced & absorbed flowing in ventricles within brain and around surface of brain & spinal cord

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26
Q

Dementia

A

Term used for memory loss & loss of other intellectual abilities

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27
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of neuron that conducts impulses towards cell body

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28
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Neuron carrying impulses to CNS

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29
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles /glands responding to message from nervous system

30
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disorder of nervous system characterized by breakdown of myelin sheath of neurons

31
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of neurons

32
Q

Neuron

A

One nerve cell

33
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released from a nerve cell which thereby transmits impulse from nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ or tissue

34
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Part of nervous system made of cranial & spinal nerves

35
Q

Receptors

A

Structures located in sense organs that convert a stimulus to impulse

36
Q

Stimulus

A

Detectable change recieved by receptor & converted to an impulse

37
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between 2 nerve cells consisting of minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of neurotransmitter

38
Q

Spinal cord structure

A

Long Structure made of nervous tissue
Cannot repair itself
Protected by 33 Vertebrae with discs of cartilage between acting as shock absorbers
Three meninges

39
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Pathway for impulses conducted from receptors to brain and brain to effectors
Processes reflex actions

40
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Al nerves that are not part of CNS.
Transmits impulses from body to CNS to provide info from external & internal environment for response

41
Q

Cranial vs spinal nerves

A

Cranial nerves supply nerves to head
Spinal nerves supply nerves to rest of body

42
Q

PNS forms

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

43
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Recieves info. from sensory organs and brain then stimulates skeletal muscles to contract or relax
Voluntary control

44
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Control involuntary rxns to react to internal receptors and stimulates smooth muscles glands to respond.

45
Q

Autonomic nervous system branches

A

Sympathetic branch that prepares body for energy expending
Paraymathetic branch that is active under restful conditions
These systems work antagonistically together

46
Q

Double innervation

A

Two systems that have an opposite effect where one stimulates and the other inhibits e.g) each organ is innervated by sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve

47
Q

Structure & functioning of automatic nervous system

A

Made of Paraymathetic and sympathetic parts .
Every gland/organ is controlled by both parts
Controls involuntary events
Sympathetic nerves increase response
Parasympathetic nerves decrease response

48
Q

Neurons

A

Specialised cells connecting brain and spinal cord to all other body parts

49
Q

Nerves

A

Send and carry signals to and from all parts of body made of neurons

50
Q

Parts of neurons

A

Dentrite
.Carry impulses to cell body

Axon
Carries impulse away from body

Cell body
Controls metabolism of cell

51
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty layer wrapped around Axon and dentrite acting as insulin and speeding up transmission of impulses

52
Q

Types of neurons

A

Motor
Sensory
Inter/connector

53
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Unipolar/bipolar afferent neurons carrying impulses to CNS

54
Q

Inter neurons

A

Multipolar neurons recieving impulse from sense organs and carrying impulse towards motor neurons

55
Q

Motor neurons

A

Multipolar efferent neurons carrying impulses away from CNS

56
Q

Synapse

A

Point where impulse passes from terminal branch of Axon of one neuron to dendrite of next neuron

57
Q

Synapse

A

Point where impulse passes from terminal branch of Axon of one neuron to dendrite of next neuron

58
Q

Synaptic gap

A

Gap between 2 neurons

59
Q

Chemical neurotransmitters

A

Transmit impulse from one neuron to next across synaptic gap like dopamine

60
Q

Synapse significance

A

Ensures impulse travels in one direction
Enables unnecessary background stimuli to be filtered out
Can speed up, slow down or block nerve impulse
Channels impulses so rxns are integrated and become part of learning & remembering

61
Q

Reflex rxn

A

Automatic response to stimulus

62
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway where impulse is transmitted to bring about automatic response to stimulus during reflex action

63
Q

How nervous impulse travels in reflex arc

A

Goes to spinal cord then impulse passes from spinal cord directly to an effector to give an immediate response

64
Q

Significance of reflex action

A

Allows for quick response to prevent damage to body without thinking

65
Q

5 basic elements of reflex arc

A

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Intergration center
Motor neuron
Effector

66
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Form of dementia caused by Disorder of nervous system leading to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout brain causing it to shrink and affect nearly all it’s functions

67
Q

Symptoms of alzheimers disease

A

Slow thinking
Behavioral changes
Confusion
Difficulty speaking, swallowing, walking, recognizing familiar ppl

68
Q

Cure to alzheimers and multiple sclerosis

A

None
But stem cell research and therapeutic cloning hold to great potential for providing cure

Multiple sclerosis
can be managed by healthy lifestyle
Stem cell research & biologically engineered production of interferon slow down progress of disease

69
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive degenerative disorder of CNS resulting in damage if myelin sheath of nerve cells (demyelination) making it impossible for impulses to move across these areas of scattered patches of demyelination

70
Q

Cause of Ms & symptoms

A

Auto immune disease
Affects
Movement, feeling, coordination, balance
Fatigue
Bladder
Pain
Concentration & memory loss
Mood swings
Vision, tingling & numbness

71
Q

Receptors

A

Consist of special sensory cells that respond to specific stimulus

72
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process to maintain balanced internal environment within body

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

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