Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Science, T2 > Genetics & Heredity > Flashcards

Genetics & Heredity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alleles

A

2 alternative forms of a gene at same locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Co dominance

A

Type of inheritance where both alleles are equally dominant and express themselves equally in phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complete dominance

A

Type of inheritance where dominant allele masks expression of recessive allele in heterozygous condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Genetic cross involving 2 different characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele that masks allele partner on chromosome pair and dominant characteristic is seen in homozygous and heterozygous state in phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA/ a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gene mutation

A

Change in N Base/s in nuclear DNA of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genetic variation

A

Variety of different genes that differ from maternal and paternal genes resulting in new genotypes & phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Genotype

A

Total genetic composition (makeup) of organism, info present in gene alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of chromosomes in cell of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Individual having 2 non identical alleles for a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles that control a single trait (on same locus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Type of inheritance where both alleles express themselves in a way where intermediate phenotype is formed

Red+white flower= pink flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Locus

A

Exact same position of gene on chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mendels law of dominance

A

2 individuals with contrasting homozygous alleles are crossed, the individuals of the first generation will all resemble parent with dominant characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mendels law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles of a gene for 1 characteristic segregate independently of alleles of a gene of another characteristic. Alleles of 2 different genes will therefore come together randomly during gamete formation (random assortment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mendels Principle of Segregation

A

During gametogenesis the 2 alleles of a gene separate so each gamete will receive one allele of a gene for a specific trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Genetic cross involving 1 characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden change in sequence of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Whne there are more than 2 possible alleles for one gene locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of an organism determined by genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pedigree diagram

A

Diagram showing inheritance of genetic disorders over many generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that is suppressed when allele partner is dominant so is only expressed if both alleles of trait are homozygous recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity & varietion in organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Variation

A

Changes that occur between members of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Trait

A

Characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Homozygous genotype

A

Pure Gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

Hybrid Gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mutation

A

Change in amount, arrangement or structure of DNA of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where mutation occurs

A

Somatic cell: not passed to offspring
Germinal cell : passed to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How mutation affects population

A

Mutation may result in change in appearance of a characteristic of a population as it brings about variation in genotype =phenotype

33
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

Permanent changes in genome occurring without outside influence due to machinery of the cell being imperfect

34
Q

Induced Mutation

A

Occur when mutagens causes permanent changes in DNA

35
Q

Mutagen & examples

A

Anything causing a mutation :
Asbestos
Tar from tobacco
Pesticide
Caffeine

36
Q

Types of Mutation

A

Chromosomal mutation
Gene /point mutation

37
Q

Gene mutation

A

Acquired (somatic) or inherited mutation occurring through base substitution and frame shifts

38
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

Changes in number (by time zygote develops) or structure of chromosome frequently caused by inversion, insertion, duplication, deletion of chromosomal segment.

39
Q

Chromosome mutation causes explained

A

Inversion : Reversal in chromosomal segment
Insertion/translocation : piece of chromosome attaches itself to non homologous chromosome
Duplication: when extra chromosome appears
Deletion : Deficiency in portion of DNA

40
Q

Example of results of chromosomal mutation

A

Trisomy 21
Extra copy of of chromosome 21 due to non dysjunction

41
Q

Point mutation

A

Change in single base or base pair in DNA which can change the protein that has been coded for by DNA

42
Q

Point mutation examples

A

Inversion : addition of extra nucleotide
Deletion : loss of nucleotide
Inversion : 2 nucleotides arranged in wrong order
Substitution : particular base substituted (replaced) by another.

43
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

A base in one of the genes involved in producing hemoglobin is substituted

44
Q

How is oxygen carrying ability affected by sickle cell anemia

A

Hemoglobin crystallizes
Distorting red cells into sickle shape
Reducing oxygen carrying ability

45
Q

Types of Mutation resulting from single point mutation

A

Silent mutation
Nonsense mutation : sequence of DNA results in premature codon
Missense mutation : results in substitution of one amino acid in protein for another

46
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Addition or deletion of a single base

47
Q

Affects of frame mutations on proteins

A

Adding or deleting one base of DNA molecule will change every amino acid in protein which will cause protein to not function properly

48
Q

How does reading frame affect protein

A

Changing reading frame in early gene (mRNA transcript as will change) alters majority of protein

Incorrect amino acid sequence therefore produces malfunctioning proteins

49
Q

Harmful mutations

A

Cause change in DNA causing errors in protein sequencing resulting in partially or completing non functioning proteins

50
Q

Examples of harmful mutations

A

Cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia
Dysfunctional proteins
Albinism
Cancer

51
Q

Beneficial mutations & examples

A

Advantageous mutations :
Bacteria
RNA virus
Lactose tolerance
People with mutations have CCR5 gene making them virtually immune to HIV

52
Q

Harmless mutation

A

No effect on structure or functioning of organism
Chin dimple
Freckles
Red hair

53
Q

Stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell (embryonic /adult) able to divide to produce more stem cells /cells that can differentiate into many kinds of different cells

54
Q

Properties of stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells
Can divide :
& renew themselves for long time
& become specific specialized cell types of body
Stem cells can replace dying, old or damaged cells

55
Q

Stem cells in embryo

A

Function to generate new organs & tissues

56
Q

Stem cells in adults

A

Function to replace cells during natural course of cell turnover

57
Q

Kinds of stem cells

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

58
Q

Totipotent

A

Type of stem cell found in 1-4 day old Embryo
Can develop into new individual

59
Q

Pluripotent

A

Found in older embryos 5-14 days old
Can differentiate into any type of specialized cell
May be used to treat disease by replacing damaged cells, diabetes, repair

60
Q

Multipotent

A

Found in foetal tissue in children & adults
Can divide & produce new cells that are needed by body

61
Q

Use of stem cells

A

Replace damaged tissue
Studying human development
Testing new drug
Screening toxins
Testing gene therapy methods

62
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organism is an organism that has altered genetic material

63
Q

Transgenic organism

A

A GMO that gains 1/more genes by altrificial means

64
Q

Process

A
  1. DNA carrying gene is taken from a cell
  2. The gene is inserted into DNA of another host cell
  3. Host cell now contains recombinant DNA
  4. Host cell multiplies
  5. Desired protein is produced
65
Q

Vector

A

Plasmid or viruses needed to transfer a gene into a host cell

66
Q

Use of genetic engineering

A

Make insulin for diabetic persons
Make growth hormones to treat dwarfs
Prepare vaccines
Make plants resistant to disease
Higher production of milk by cows
Make pigs less fat but have leaner meat
Gene therapy
Plants resistant to disease
Make enhanced food

67
Q

Gene therapy

A

When gene is inserted in sick person :
Bone marrow containing stem cells is removed from hip bone
The vector is used to carry gene into stem cell
Stem cells with new gene inside are given back to patient 5 days later

68
Q

How does pest resistant cabbage work

A

Gene that programs poison in scorpion tails combined with cabbage are genetically modified cabbages producing scorpion poison killing caterpillars when they bite leaves.

69
Q

How golden rice works

A

Variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to produce beta carotene needed to produce vitamin a in rice. Intended to be grown & consumed in areas with shortage of dietary vitamin a. Vitamin a deficiency causes range of eye conditions (night blindness and permanent blindness)

70
Q

Cloning

A

A clone is an organism genetically exact copy of another organism

71
Q

Types of cloning explained

A

Reproductive
Cloning. In order to produce a genetic copy of an existing organism

Therepeutic
Cloning in order to produce a blastocyst from which stem cells can be taken & used to develop therapies for injury & disease

72
Q

Steps in cloning

A

Haploid DNA is removed from egg cell
Egg cells DNA is replaced with diploid DNA from a body cell of the organism to be cloned
Ovum begins to divide
Blastocyst is implanted into a surrogate mother & carried to term

73
Q

How Therepeutic cloning works

A

Instead of implanting blastocyst into a surrogate mother, stem cells are taken out of blastocyst & used to develop whatever type of cells are needed

74
Q

Why we need to clone

A

Researchers how techniques can be used in:
Treating human diseases
Genetically altering animals for production of Han transplant organs

75
Q

Cloning advantages

A

Produce animals with desirable traits
Increase efficiency of livestock production
Offset losses of among endangered species populations
Enable better research for finding cures to diseases

76
Q

Cloning disadvantages

A

Decline in genetic diversity
Taking nature into our own hands
Religious & moral reasons
Physical problems (birth defects)
Clones may not live as long as other animals.

77
Q

Why genetic engineering is possible

A

Living things use same bases & genetic code
Each codon produces same amino acid in transcription & translation regardless of species
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide remains unchanged
Therefore we take genes from one species & insert them into genome of another species

78
Q

Negative opinions on genetic engineering

A
79
Q

Genome

A

All the genes that make up an organism

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions