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Life Science, T2 > Eye & Ear > Flashcards

Eye & Ear Flashcards

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1
Q

Sound

A

Pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

3 regions of ear

A

Outer
Inner
Middle

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3
Q

Outer ear structure

A

Pinna
Auditory Canal
Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

How pinna is suited for it’s function

A

Outside of the and trumpet shaped to direct sound waves through the auditory canal to the Tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Pinna

A

Traps sound waves and directs sound waves to Tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Auditory canal

A

Transmits sound waves to Tympanic membrane & has cerumen glands

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7
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Transfers sound waves to ossicle (smallest bones in body) of middle ear

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8
Q

Ear wax/cerumen

A

Prevent small organisms from entering ear
Prevents ear drum from drying out

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9
Q

Hairs in auditory canal

A

Prevent small organisms from entering the ear

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10
Q

Sound conduction in ear

A

Sound waves collected by pinna and focused to EAC
Vibration pass down the EAC and strike TM

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11
Q

Middle ear & structures

A

Air filled cavity within skull
Seperated from outer ear by TM
Seperated from inner ear by OW and Round Window
Eustachian Tube joins middle ear to throat (pharynx)
Ossicles
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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12
Q

Function of middle ear

A

Amplify & transmit vibrations from TM to oval window

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13
Q

Middle ear and amplification of sound

A

Sound vibrations move from large TM to smaller OW
Ossicles that transmit vibrations decrease in size from the hammer to the anvil to the stirrup

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14
Q

How TM and OW contribute to amplification of sound

A

TM is wider in diameter than OW increasing area 20 times, this would cause sound to be amplified.

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15
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connect middle ear with throat
Excess fluid from middle ear drains into throat
Equalise pressure on either side of TM

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16
Q

Roel of Eustachian Tube

A

Causes pressure on either side of TM to be equalized thereby prevents it from tearing.

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17
Q

Ear & altitude

A

Atmospheric pressure (AT) decreases with altitude.
The AT in middle ear is then higher than pressure outside ear.
Hence eardrum bulges which affects vibrations of Ossicles
Hence when person yawns, air is sucked from middle ear through ET and pressure difference on either side of TM is corrected.

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18
Q

Water & Ear

A

Deeper u dive= higher water pressure
Water exerts pressure on TM
Pressure in Auditory Canal is higher than pressure in middle ear
TM bulges inwards
Closing your nose and blowing air forces air into middle ear via ET
Therefore equalising both sides of TM

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19
Q

Ear & altitude

A

Higher altitude =less air pressure
Pressure in Auditory Canal becomes less than pressure inside middle ear
TM experiences pressure from middle ears side & bulges outward
Air needs to leave middle ear via ET to Equalise pressure on both side of TM

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20
Q

What happens if ET is blocked

A

Ossicles won’t vibrate freely to transmit vibrations to inner ear causing partial deafness
Or
Cannot Equalise pressure on either side of TM leading to pain/middle ear infection /burst eardrum /vibrations not being transmitted /partial deafness

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21
Q

Why it’s dangerous for person to skydive with blocked ET

A

When skydiving the Atmospheric pressure changes all the time
The ET equalizes the pressure on both sides of TM
Of tube is blocked the pressure on both sides will not be equal
Causing tymapnaum to rupture

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22
Q

Functions of middle ear

A

TM transmits vibrations to ossicles
Ossicles transmit vibrations from TM to inner ear
ET Maintains equal pressure on either side of TM
OW transmits vibrations of Ossicles to inner ear
Round Window absorbs the pressure set up in inner ear

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23
Q

Inner ear

A

Fluid filled cavity made of bony labyrinth (filled with perilymph) and membranous labyrinth (filled with endolymph (liquid))

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24
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Filled with perilymph
Has 3 membranous structures for equilibrium :
3 Semicircular canals with ampullae
Vestibule (succulus & ulticulus)
Cochlea

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25
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlargened area at base of each Semicircular canal containing cristae (which have hair cells embedded in a jelly cone called cupula)

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26
Q

Inner ear structures

A

Oval window
3 semi circular canals (tubes with liquids) with ampullae with cristae necessary for balance

Utriculus & sacculus
Bottom between semi canals & crochea & contains maculate for balance

Cochlea
Snail like structure with endolymph

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27
Q

Utriculus & sacculus

A

Bottom between semi canals & crochea & contains maculate for balance

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28
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail like structure with endolymph & receptors named Organ of Corti stimulated by movement of fluid and converts stimuli to impulses

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29
Q

Round Window

A

Releases pressure created by OW in fluid
Prevents echos caused by distortion of pressure waves

30
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Transmit nerve impulses (vestibular & Cochlear) to brain

31
Q

Vestibular nerve

A

Transports I for regarding equilibrium from maculae & Semicircular canals before joining to form auditory nerve

32
Q

Organ of Corti

A

OW vibrate
Causes Pressure waves in liquid of Cochlea canals
Organ of Corti stimulated
Stimulus converted into a nerve impulse
Nerve impulse carried via auditory nerve to cerebrum
RW vibrates to release pressure in fluid

33
Q

Key point of hearing

A

Sound comes from a source as stimulus
Stimulus moves as sound waves from source through auditory canal until it reaches TM
Stimulus if sound then moves as vibrations through TM, Ossicles & OW
When vibrations pass into endolymph then stimulus is in the form of pressure waves
Which stimulus organ of Corti
Converting stimulus into an impulse
Which can be transmitted to cerebrum where it is interpreted

34
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptors in inner ear involved with balance

35
Q

Macula & crista

A

Receptors that convert stimulus into an impulse & send it via auditory nerve to Cerebellum which sends an impulse to affected muscles to maintain balance

36
Q

How does sacculus & ulticulus in human ear maintain balance in human body

A

Maculae found in sacculus & ulticulus are stimulated by change in head position
The stimuli are converted to nerve impulses & transmitter via auditory nerve
To the Cerebellum which sends impulses to muscles enabling the person to maintain balance & body position

37
Q

Dynamic balance

A

Sudden changes in speed & direction of head
Causes endolymph within Semicircular canals to move
Movement of the fluid stimulates cristae in ampullae to move in opposite direction of fluid
Cristae converts stimuli to nerve impulse which is sent to Cerebellum via auditory nerve

38
Q

Static balance

A

When direction of head changes, gravitational pull stimulates the maculae in sacculus and Utriculus of vestibulum
Ototliths respond to gravity causing a pull on hair cells
Within macaluae stimulus is converted to impulses
These impulses are sent to brain by vestibular branch of the auditory nerve to the Cerebellum for interpretation to restore balance

39
Q

Causes of hearing loss

A

Fluid in middle ear (infection)
Injury to parts of middle ear or inner ear
Ageing process or nerves and parts of brain
Ruptured TM
Damaged Ossicles, Cochlea, brain or auditory nerve

40
Q

Treatment of hearing loss

A

Medication
Hearing aids
Cochlear implant

41
Q

Diseases of ear

A

Middle ear infection:
Micro organisms cause the production of fluids in middle ear, fluid cannot drain through ET as it is swollen. Accumulation of fluids increase pressure in middle ear causing ear to ache. Antibiotics commonly used but if it’s chronic grommets inserted

42
Q

Grommets

A

Tiny plastic buttons with fine hole down middle may be inserted into TM to allow drainage of middle ear till ET recovers

43
Q

Hearing aids

A

Help amplify sound for a person affected

44
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Electrical device implanted into ears for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Work by directly stimulating functioning auditory nerve inside Cochlea with an electric field

45
Q

Hammer adaptations

A

Maleus transmits vibrations from TM to anvil (Incus) then stirrup (Stapes)

46
Q

Stirrup

A

Transmits vibrations to OW into inner ear

47
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Allows air to move in & out of middle ear thus maintaining equal pressure on either side of ear drum

48
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Picks up stimuli from pressure waves & converts it to an impulse

49
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Transmits impulses to cerebrum where sound is interpreted

50
Q

Protection of eye

A

1.Housed in eye socket
2.Eyelids with conjunctiva that covers ege
3.Eyelashes that keep harmful substances /light out of eye
4. Tears moisten and clean up & protect against infection
5. Blinking spreads a layer of mucous, oil, tears over cornea covering front of eye
6. Lacrimal glands in upper outer corner of eye produce tears which after moistening eye flow into canals in Eyelids and drain into lacriminal sac a pouch in lower inner corner of eye sockets where tears exit through a passage leading to nose

51
Q

Adaptations of eye

A

Sclera is tough & non elastic to protect inner structure
2. Cornea is transparent allowing light to enter
3. Choroid has brown pigment absorbing light thus preventing reflection of light within eye
4. Iris has circular and radial muscles which alter size of pupil

52
Q

Functions of eye

A

Binocular vision
Formation of image
Accommodation
Pupillary reflex

53
Q

Photo/retina receptors

A

Rods and cones cells which are the layers of retina

54
Q

Rod cells

A

Light sensors that function in less intense light used in peripheral vision

55
Q

Cone cells

A

Colour detectors (red, green, blue) which function best in bright light

56
Q

Accommodation of eye

A

Changing of shape of lens to focus on objects closer or further than 6m. Possible due to ability of eye to change shape (convexity) of the lens to ensure a clear image is formed on retina whether image is distant or near

57
Q

Accommodation for near vision

A

When object is less than 6m away
Ciliary muscles contract
Sclera is pulled forwards
Suspensory ligaments slack
Tension on lens decrease
Lens become more convex
Refractive power of lens increase
Clear image is formed on retina

Light rays are diverging

58
Q

Distant vision

A

When object is more than 6m away
Ciliary muscles relax
Sclera goes back to normal position
Suspensory ligaments become taut
Tension on lens increase
Lens become more vex
Refractive power of lens decrease
Clear image is formed on retina

Light rays are parallel

59
Q

Pupillary mechanism

A

Bright light= parasympathetic contraction of circular muscles = pupil constriction

Dim light= sympathetic contraction of radial muscles of iris= pupil dilates

60
Q

Hyperopia /hypermetropia

A

Long sightedness condition in which you can see distant objects clearly but nearby objects blur
Caused by eyeball being too rounded and inability of lens to become more convex
Treated by wearing glasses with convex lens

61
Q

Myopia

A

Short sightedness caused by eyeball being too long & inability of lens of eye to become less convex. Treated by wearing glasses with concave lens

62
Q

Astigmatism

A

Front surface of cornea is curved more in one direction than other

63
Q

Cataract

A

Cloudy part or opacity of lens treated by surgical removal of lens or replacing lens with synthetic lens. Develops as a result of aging, metabolic disorders, trauma or heredity

64
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptors and part where light arrived at this layer to produce inverted image

65
Q

Fovea

A

Yellow spot has greatest density of cones & thus offers maximum sharpness but only works in fully efficient bright light

66
Q

Optic nerve

A

Composed of sensory neurons that carry nervous impulses to visual center at rear of brain

67
Q

Blind spot

A

Corresponds to exit point for optic nerve. No light sensitive cells (photoreceptors) so that light falling on this region can’t be detected

68
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Jelly like substance that helps keep shape of eyeball & supports lens & keeps retina in place at rear of eye

69
Q

Aqueous humour

A

Watery fluid that supports cornea and front chamber of eye

70
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye with radial & circular muscles that may expand and contract to control Amt of light as a reflex action

71
Q

Pupil

A

Circular opening that let’s light into eye & appears black because of visible choroid through it

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

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