Human Movement Science

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

a position above a reference point

ex) The pectorals major is superior to the rectus abdominis

Question 2

Inferior

Answer 2

a position below a reference point

ex) The calcaneus is inferior to the patella.

Question 3

Proximal

Answer 3

a position nearest to the center of the body or point of reference
ex) The pectorals major is more proximal to the deltoid.

Question 4

Distal

Answer 4

a position away from the center of the body or point of reference
ex) The ankle is more distal from the hip than the knee

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

a position on or towards the front of the body

ex) The quadriceps are located on the anterior aspect of the thigh

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

a position on or towards the back of the body

ex) the hamstring complex is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

a position relatively closer to the midline of the body

Ex) The adductors are more medial than the abductors

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

a position relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body
Ex) The ears are on the lateral sides of the head

Question 9

Contralateral

Answer 9

a position on the opposite side of the body

Ex) The right arm is contralateral to the left arm

Question 10

Ipsilateral

Answer 10

a position on the same side of the body

Ex) The heart is ipsilateral to the left hip.

Question 11

Where does movement in a plane occur?

Answer 11

More commonly along the plane or parallel to it

Question 12

Sagittal plane divides body into…

Answer 12

right and left sides

Question 13

Movement along the sagittal plane includes;

Answer 13

flexion and extension around the coronal axis

Question 14

Frontal plane divides body into..

Answer 14

front and back

Question 15

Movement along the frontal plane includes:

Answer 15

adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, eversion/inversion around the anterior-posterior axis

Question 16

Transverse plane divides body into..

Answer 16

upper and lower halves, around the longitudinal axis

Question 17

Movement along the transverse plane includes:

Answer 17

Internal rotation, external rotation, left/right rotation, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction

Question 18

Definition of flexion

Answer 18

a bending movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent segments
Ex) Knee flexion = bending the knee with foot coming up behind you.
Ex) Hip flexion-pelvic on femoral rotation = good morning exercise

Question 19

Define scapular retraction

Answer 19

shoulder blades come together - adduction

Ex) seated back row

Question 20

Define scapular protraction

Answer 20

shoulder blades move away from each other - abduction

Ex) Releasing weight back down from seated back row

Question 21

Define scapular depression

Answer 21

shoulder blades move downwards

Ex) Standing up with good posture, shoulders down and back

Question 22

Define scapular elevation

Answer 22

shoulder blades move upwards

Ex) Shrugging shoulders

Question 23

What are the types of muscle action?

Answer 23

Isotonic (Eccentric, Concentric), Isometric, and Isokinetic

Question 24

What classifies as an isotonic muscle contraction?

Answer 24

Constant muscle tension

Question 25

Describe an eccentric isotonic muscle action - “a negative”

Answer 25

The muscle is lengthening and develops tension

Ex) Landing from a jump

Question 26

Describe a concentric muscle action

Answer 26

When the contractile force is greater than the resistive force, muscle shortens, joint movement

Question 27

Describe an isometric muscle action

Answer 27

When there is no change in the muscle length, pausing between lifting and lowering weight back down
Ex) top of a biceps curl

Question 28

Describe an isokinetic muscle action

Answer 28

The muscle is shortening at a constant speed

Ex) A slow and controlled biceps curl

Question 29

What is the Length-Tension Relationship?

Answer 29

The length of a muscle at rest and the amount of tension it can produce at this length (p.94)

Question 30

What is the Force-Velocity Curve?

Answer 30

A muscles ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities (p.95)

Question 31

What is a force-couple?

Answer 31

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 32

Give an example of a force-couple and the movement created

Answer 32

Gluteus Maximus + Quadriceps + Calf Muscles = Hip & knee extension when walking up stairs

Question 33

Define a 1st class lever

Answer 33

effort – fulcrum – resistance

Ex) Nodding the head, top of the spinal column as the fulcrum

Question 34

Define a 2nd class lever

Answer 34

fulcrum – resistance – effort

Ex) A calf-raise… ball of foot is fulcrum, body weight is resistance, effort is by the calf muscle

Question 35

Define a 3rd class lever

Answer 35

Fulcrum – effort – resistance

Ex) In the forearm - elbow is fulcrum, biceps are supplying effort, hand is resistance

Question 36

Define torque

Answer 36

A force that produces rotation

Question 37

How would you modify the torque in a lateral dumbbell raise (shoulder abduction)?

Answer 37

Easier = elbow bent 
Harder = elbow slightly bent

Question 38

Define muscle synergies

Answer 38

groups of muscles recruited by the CNS to provide movement

Question 39

Define proprioception

Answer 39

cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

Question 40

Forms of external feedback

Answer 40

1) Knowledge of Results

2) Knowledge of Performance

Question 41

Describe the external feedback method of “knowledge of results”

Answer 41

Inform client of the outcome of their performance AFTER the exercise.
“Your squats look great. Did you notice anything about your form?”

Question 42

Describe the external feedback method of “knowledge of performance”

Answer 42

Provides info about the quality of the movement DURING the exercise.