Human impact of Stalinist industrialisation Flashcards
The urban working classes and young people were generally ____ at the beginning of the Five Year Plans.
____ of young people volunteered to go and work on ____ projects, often labouring in the most ____ of conditions.
They were prepared to make sacrifices to build a ____ ____ that would probably only benefit their ____ - shows ____ in the plans.
The urban working classes and young people were generally enthusiastic at the beginning of the Five Year Plans.
Thousands of young people volunteered to go and work on distant projects, often labouring in the most primitive of conditions.
They were prepared to make sacrifices to build a new world that would probably only benefit their children - shows faith in the plans.
In the late 1920s, the party had some success in creating ‘____ ____’ (although not ____)
____ workers quickly advanced to ____ posts, became ____, or became party ____.
Great strides were taken in higher ____ education to allow this.
In the late 1920s, the party had some success in creating ‘Red Specialists’ (although not initially)
Skilled workers quickly advanced to supervisory posts, became managers, or became party officials.
Great strides were taken in higher technical education to allow this.
However, there were limitations in the creation of ‘Red Specialists’:
- By 1931 only _% of the workforce was skilled
- By 1933 only __% of the workforce was skilled (although __% increase in two years isn’t bad)
However, there were limitations in the creation of ‘Red Specialists’:
- By 1931 only 7% of the workforce was skilled
- By 1933 only 17% of the workforce was skilled (although __% increase in two years isn’t bad)
Unlike in the Tsarist era, the 1930s offered a ____ ____ of ____ that had not been seen before.
The Communists set up ____ ____, meaning workers could improve their qualifications and position, pay and prospects.
Those who exceeded targets (____ movement) were rewarded with higher ____, better ____ ____, and sometimes better ____. They were celebrated in ____ and on their work ____-____.
Unlike in the Tsarist era, the 1930s offered a greasy pole of promotion that had not been seen before.
The Communists set up training courses, meaning workers could improve their qualifications and position, pay and prospects.
Those who exceeded targets (Stakhanovite movement) were rewarded with higher pay, better working conditions, and sometimes better housing. They were celebrated in newspapers and on their work notice-boards.
The Communist ideology allowed for ____ to enter the workforce (although ____ still very much existed)
The Communist ideology allowed for women to enter the workforce (although sexism still very much existed)
More educated women dominated professions like ____ and ____ ____.
Less educated ex-peasants became ____ or ____ ____ - ____ and ____ factories dominated by women (made up _/_ of the workforce in these areas).
Women made up __% of the workforce.
More educated women dominated professions like medicine and school teaching.
Less educated ex-peasants became labourers or factory workers - textiles and sewing factories dominated by women (made up 3/4 of the workforce in these areas).
Women made up 44% of the workforce.
Similarly to their counterparts in the Western world, women faced biases in the workforce:
- ____ less
- More difficult to gain ____ than for men
- Less ____
- Less involved in ____ and ____ education than male counterparts
- Still expected to run the ____ as well as work
Similarly to their counterparts in the Western world, women faced biases in the workforce:
- Paid less
- More difficult to gain advancement than for men
- Less literate
- Less involved in political and technical education than male counterparts
- Still expected to run the home as well as work
Of ___ factory directors, only ____ were women.
There were only ____ women head doctors in hospitals, exen though __-__% of all doctors were women.
Of 328 factory directors, only twenty were women.
There were only four women head doctors in hospitals, exen though 50-60% of all doctors were women.
Collectivisation had caused ____ ____ as peasants were ____ ____ the land.
Collectivisation had caused urban migration as peasants were forced off the land.
In the early 1930s, a high ____ ____ caused Moshe Lewis to dub the USSR as having a ‘____ ____’
In the coal industry in 1930, workers moved jobs an average of ____ times a year.
In the early 1930s, a high loabour turnover caused Moshe Lewis to dub the USSR as having a ‘quicksand society’
In the coal industry in 1930, workers moved jobs an average of three times a year.
The ‘____ society’ extended to skilled and semi-skilled workers as well.
There was a ____ in skilled workers, so factories competed by offering higher ____ and additional perks like more ____ ____.
The ‘quicksand society’ extended to skilled and semi-skilled workers as well.
There was a shortage in skilled workers, so factories competed by offering higher wages and additional perks like more food rations.
The shortage in skilled workers led to:
- Untrained workers ____ expensive imported machinery - not properly ____ or ____
- Producing ____ ____ goods
In E____, a $__,____ lathe from the US was left unused for want of ____ ____
The shortage in skilled workers led to:
- Untrained workers damaging expensive imported machinery - not properly oiled or maintained
- Producing poor quality goods
In Elektrozavod, a $25,000 lathe from the US was left unused for want of minor repairs
Measures to stem the tide of labour turnover:
Egalitarianism in wages was abandoned as early as 19__
- Wage ____ to reward those who stayed put and aquired ____
- Managers allowed to pay ____
- Honors awarded to outstanding workers - access to ____ ____, better ____, and better ____
- 193_ Labour books on workers’ labour ____, ____, and any ____
- 193_ Internal ____
Measures to stem the tide of labour turnover:
Egalitarianism in wages was abandoned as early as 1931
- Wage differentials to reward those who stayed put and aquired skills
- Managers allowed to pay bonuses
- Honors awarded to outstanding workers - access to closed shops, better housing, and better clothing
- 1938 Labour books on workers’ labour history, qualifications, and any misdemeanors
- 1938 Internal passports
Many training programmes were ____, and trainees were ____ through by ____ instructors.
Improved during ____ Five Year Plan, with ____ but ____ training programmes provided.
Many training programmes were poor, and trainees were rushed through by poor instructors.
Improved during Second Five Year Plan, with fewer but better training programmes provided.
Tough measures to deal with absenteeism:
- Could be ____
- Could be ____ from factory-owned homes
- Loss of various ____
- Use of ____ and ____
- 19__ - committing ____ offenses of absenteeism meant a ____ ____
Tough measures to deal with absenteeism:
- Could be dismissed
- Could be evicted from factory-owned homes
- Loss of various benefits
- Use of intimidation and terror
- 1940 - committing two offenses of absenteeism meant a prison sentence
