Human Growth & Development Flashcards
Two fundamental classes of behavior according to behaviorists
Respondent & Operant
Respondent Behavior
involuntary response to stimulus
Operant Behavior
Voluntary behavior controlled by consequences in environment
Positive Reinforcement
Giving something to increase probability that behavior will occur
Negative Reinforcement
Aversive stimulus removed which causes behavior to increase (seatbelt beeping)
Positive Punishment
presentation of undesirable stimulus in order to decrease behavior
Negative Punishment
Taking away positive thing in order to decrease behavior
Biofeedback
behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as blood pressure/heart rate/etc. often used for ADHD and anxiety disordes
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease.
Flooding
A treatment procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli
RET
rational emotive therapy. seeks to change a client’s irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation
3 stage model for cultural and ethnic development
- unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity
- cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search
- cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement
Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs (Bottom to Top)
Physiological Needs, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem Needs, and Self-Actualization
Conflict Theory
Derived from Karl Marx, posits that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Inequality exists because small subgroup hold large amount of resources and actively defend their advantages.
Authoritarian Parenting
Children expected to follow strict rules without an explanation of reasoning behind rules. if children do not follow rules they are punished. This style tends to lead to children who are obedient and proficient but lack self-esteem, social competence, and are generally unhappy.
Authoritative Parenting
Establish rules and guidelines with children but are open to questioning and changing the rules. Usually leads to children who are happy, capable, and successful
Permissive Parenting
Act more as a friend then a parent. Don’t establish rules. tends to lead to children who rank aren’t happy and can’t self regulate. Also tend to have issues with authority and do not perform well in school
Uninvolved Parenting
Characterized by few demands, low responsibility and little communication. Tends to lead to children who do poorly in all life domains.
“Healthy” family dynamics include:
treating members like individuals, routines/structure, connected to greater community, realistic expectations, Fun/relaxed quality time, each individual taking care of their own needs as well as family needs, and helping one another
Risk factors for alcohol/drug abuse
family substance users, family trauma, family dysfunction, peer use, drugs/alcohol easily accessible, social/cultural norms, mental health concerns, poor interpersonal relationships, “aggressive” behavior in children, impulsivity/risk taking, “rebelliousness”
equifinality
system able to accomplish the same goals through different routes
Crisis intervention stages
Thorough Assessment
Rapidly establish collaborative relationship
Identify major problems, including crisis precipitants
Explore and validate feelings/emotions
Generate/Explore alternatives and coping strategies
Restore functioning through action plan
Plan follow up
Echolalia
repeated noises and phrases. associated w/ autism, schizophrenia, and others
Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development
Oral (0-1) Anal (1-2) Phallic (3-5) Latency (5-puberty) Genital (Begins at Puberty)
