Human Growth & Development

Question 1

Two fundamental classes of behavior according to behaviorists

Answer 1

Respondent & Operant

Question 2

Respondent Behavior

Answer 2

involuntary response to stimulus

Question 3

Operant Behavior

Answer 3

Voluntary behavior controlled by consequences in environment

Question 4

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 4

Giving something to increase probability that behavior will occur

Question 5

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 5

Aversive stimulus removed which causes behavior to increase (seatbelt beeping)

Question 6

Positive Punishment

Answer 6

presentation of undesirable stimulus in order to decrease behavior

Question 7

Negative Punishment

Answer 7

Taking away positive thing in order to decrease behavior

Question 8

Biofeedback

Answer 8

behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as blood pressure/heart rate/etc. often used for ADHD and anxiety disordes

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease.

Question 10

Flooding

Answer 10

A treatment procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high intensity feared stimuli

Question 11

RET

Answer 11

rational emotive therapy. seeks to change a client’s irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation

Question 12

3 stage model for cultural and ethnic development

Answer 12

• unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity
• cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search
• cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement

Question 13

Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs (Bottom to Top)

Answer 13

Physiological Needs, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem Needs, and Self-Actualization

Question 14

Conflict Theory

Answer 14

Derived from Karl Marx, posits that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Inequality exists because small subgroup hold large amount of resources and actively defend their advantages.

Question 15

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 15

Children expected to follow strict rules without an explanation of reasoning behind rules. if children do not follow rules they are punished. This style tends to lead to children who are obedient and proficient but lack self-esteem, social competence, and are generally unhappy.

Question 16

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 16

Establish rules and guidelines with children but are open to questioning and changing the rules. Usually leads to children who are happy, capable, and successful

Question 17

Permissive Parenting

Answer 17

Act more as a friend then a parent. Don’t establish rules. tends to lead to children who rank aren’t happy and can’t self regulate. Also tend to have issues with authority and do not perform well in school

Question 18

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 18

Characterized by few demands, low responsibility and little communication. Tends to lead to children who do poorly in all life domains.

Question 19

“Healthy” family dynamics include:

Answer 19

treating members like individuals, routines/structure, connected to greater community, realistic expectations, Fun/relaxed quality time, each individual taking care of their own needs as well as family needs, and helping one another

Question 20

Risk factors for alcohol/drug abuse

Answer 20

family substance users, family trauma, family dysfunction, peer use, drugs/alcohol easily accessible, social/cultural norms, mental health concerns, poor interpersonal relationships, “aggressive” behavior in children, impulsivity/risk taking, “rebelliousness”

Question 21

equifinality

Answer 21

system able to accomplish the same goals through different routes

Question 22

Crisis intervention stages

Answer 22

Thorough Assessment
Rapidly establish collaborative relationship
Identify major problems, including crisis precipitants
Explore and validate feelings/emotions
Generate/Explore alternatives and coping strategies
Restore functioning through action plan
Plan follow up

Question 23

Echolalia

Answer 23

repeated noises and phrases. associated w/ autism, schizophrenia, and others

Question 24

Freud’s Psychosexual stages of development

Answer 24

Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-2)
Phallic (3-5)
Latency (5-puberty)
Genital (Begins at Puberty)

Question 25

Stages of Grief

Answer 25

Denial/Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance