Human Growth & Development Flashcards
What is the correct order of the Freudian psychosocial stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What do Freuds stages emphasize?
Sexuality
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor in which stage?
Oral (birth to one year)
What is the id?
The pleasure principle and houses animalistic instincts. The id is the seat of aggression and sex. Its not radical or logical. Its chaotic and concerned only with the body.
What happens during the phallic stage?
The oedipus complex, which takes place between the ages of 3-5 years old
What is the ego?
The reality principle. Its logical, rational and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check.
What is the anal retentive personality?
Stingy/cheap
Freuds stages are psychosexual, while Erikson’s stages are….?
Psychosocial
What age is in the final stage of Freudian theory (ex: genital)
12 and is said to continue throughout one’s lifespan
Erikson is an ego psychologist. What do ego psychologists believe?
They believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
What does Eriksons 8 stages emphasize?
Social relationships
Which Freudian stage emphasizes the least amount of sexuality?
Latency (6-12), only stage that is not primarily psychosexual in nature. Sexual drives seems hidden/not very prominent
Who is the only psychoanalyst to create a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan?
Erikson
What is Eriksons first stage of psychosical development?
Trust versus mistrust
What is the difference between manifest and latent content?
Manifest describes the dream material as presented, latent refers to the hidden meaning
What do Eriksons 8 stages represent?
A psychological crisis or turning point
Who is William Perry?
Hes known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially college students.
What concept does William Perry stress?
Dualistic thinking
When does Eriksons stage of the identity crisis take place?
Adolescents
What is the Erikson stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person?
Intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-24)
When does relativistic thinking emerge?
Adulthood
What is Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development?
Integrity vs despair (60 yrs old)
What does Robert Kegan’s model stress?
Interpersonal development: individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan
What is the correct order of Jean Piagets four stages?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperations
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations
What is relativistic thinking?
- Individual has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong
- Answers can exist relative to specific situations
- Theres more than one way to view the world.
What does Piagets term of conservation refer to?
The notion that a substances weight, mass and volume remain the same even if the shape changes
What stage does conservation take place?
Concrete operation (7-11 years old)
How old is a child in Piaget’s preoperations stage?
2 to 7
How old is a child in Piagets sensorimotor stage?
Birth to 2 years
How old is a child in Piagets’s concrete operation stage?
7 to 11
How old is a child in Piagets formal operations stage?
12 years and older
Who is the leading theorist in moral development, who expanded on Piagets conceptualization?
Lawrence Kohlberg
How does Vygotsky think the stages of development unfold?
Educational intervention
Whats the superego?
Moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality
In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?
-Generativity vs stagnation (35-45 years)
What does the concept of egocentrism, from Piagets 2nd stage refer to?
Conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else
What is Piagets concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage refer to?
The notion suggests that if one can undo an action than an object can return to its initial shape
What are Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
What is Kohlbergs preconventional level of morality?
The child responds to consequences and reward/punishment greatly influence behavior
What is Kohlbergs conventional level of morality?
The individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society and even nation
Whats Kohlbergs postconventional level of morality?
Person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. Many people never reach this.
Kohlbergs second level of morality, conventional morality is characterized by…?
A desire to live up to societys expectations and a desire to conform
What is Vygotskys zone of proximal development?
Describes the difference between a childs performance without a teacher versus what they are capable of with an instructor
What are maturationists?
Believe bx is guided by hereditary factors and that certain bxs will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment
John Bowlbys name is most closely associated with….
Bonding & attachment
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monekys is…
Harry Harlow
What did Harry Harlow believe?
- Attachment is an innate tendency and not one that can be learned
- Monkeys placed in isolation develop autistic abnormal bx
When is the fear of death most prominent?
Middle age
What do stage theorists assume?
Qualitative changes between stages occur
What does heritability mean?
Its the portion of the trait that can be explained via genetic factors
What happens in Piagets formal operations stage?
- Abstract thinking emerges
- Problems can be solved using deduction
- Child can think in terms of multiple hypotheses
How old are children in Piaget’s formal operation stage?
Approximately 11 and beyond
Kohlberg has ___ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels?
6, 3
What is the correct order of the Freudian psychosocial stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children utilizing…?
A visual cliff
What do behavioristic empiricist researchers value?
Statistical studies and the role of the environment
What is a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative?
An empiricist
What position holds that developmental strides are qualitative?
Organicism
What is object permanence?
Its in Piagets sensorimotor stage where children (beyond 8 months old) learn that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them
When does the schema or permanency and constancy of objects occur?
Sensorimotor stage
List Piagets stages & ages
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
- Preoperational (2 to 7)
- Concrete operational (7 to 12)
- Formal operational (7 and beyond)
The word ethology, often associated with Konrad Lorenz refers to…
The study of animals bx in their natural environment
John Bowlbys name is most closely associated with….
Bonding & attachment
In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?
-Generativity vs stagnation (35-45 years)
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monekys is…
Harry Harlow
What did Harry Harlow believe?
- Attachment is an innate tendency and not one that can be learned
- Monkeys placed in isolation develop autistic abnormal bx
What is the Erikson stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person?
Intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-24)
What are Freuds psychosexual stages?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What is the difference between manifest and latent content?
Manifest describes the dream material as presented, latent refers to the hidden meaning
When is the fear of death most prominent?
Middle age
Which Freudian stage emphasizes the least amount of sexuality?
Latency (6-12), only stage that is not primarily psychosexual in nature. Sexual drives seems hidden/not very prominent
What do stage theorists assume?
Qualitative changes between stages occur
What is the primal scene?
Happens when a young child witnesses his parents having sex, or is seduced by a parent
What does heritability mean?
Its the portion of the trait that can be explained via genetic factors
What happens in Piagets formal operations stage?
- Abstract thinking emerges
- Problems can be solved using deduction
- Child can think in terms of multiple hypotheses
Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children utilizing…?
A visual cliff
Kohlberg has ___ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels?
6, 3
What do behavioristic empiricist researchers value?
Statistical studies and the role of the environment
What is a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative?
An empiricist
What position holds that developmental strides are qualitative?
Organicism
What is object permanence?
Its in Piagets sensorimotor stage where children (beyond 8 months old) learn that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them
When does the schema or permanency and constancy of objects occur?
Sensorimotor stage
List Piagets stages & ages
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
- Preoperational (2 to 7)
- Concrete operational (7 to 12)
- Formal operational (7 and beyond)
The word ethology, often associated with Konrad Lorenz refers to…
The study of animals bx in their natural environment
What is Piagets concept, centration?
Occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object, while not noticing the rest of it
What is Piagets concept of egocentrism?
Refers to the preoperational childs inability to see the world from anyone elses vantage point
What is Piagets concept of deductive thinking?
Deductive thinking processes allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations
According to Piaget, when does the acquistion of a symbolic schema take place?
Preoperational stage
What does anima and animus mean?
- Anima represents the female characteristics of the personality
- Animus represents the male characteristics
Which theorist said aggrssion is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
What is Konrad Lorenz’s concept of imprinting?
Imprinting is an instinct which a newborn will follow a moving object
What does self actualization mean?
The person becomes all he or she can be
What is the maturational viewpoint of development?
Believe that the mind is seen as being driven by instincts, while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limts on development
Which theorist stresses the ego?
Erikson
How old are children in Piaget’s formal operation stage?
Approximately 11 and beyond
What is William Perry’s concept of dualistic thinking?
Its common to teens where things are conceptualized as good or bad. Right or wrong (black/white thinking)
