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NCE Exam > Human Growth & Development > Flashcards

Human Growth & Development Flashcards

0
Q

What is the correct order of the Freudian psychosocial stages?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
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1
Q

What do Freuds stages emphasize?

A

Sexuality

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2
Q

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor in which stage?

A

Oral (birth to one year)

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3
Q

What is the id?

A

The pleasure principle and houses animalistic instincts. The id is the seat of aggression and sex. Its not radical or logical. Its chaotic and concerned only with the body.

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4
Q

What happens during the phallic stage?

A

The oedipus complex, which takes place between the ages of 3-5 years old

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5
Q

What is the ego?

A

The reality principle. Its logical, rational and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check.

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6
Q

What is the anal retentive personality?

A

Stingy/cheap

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7
Q

Freuds stages are psychosexual, while Erikson’s stages are….?

A

Psychosocial

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8
Q

What age is in the final stage of Freudian theory (ex: genital)

A

12 and is said to continue throughout one’s lifespan

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9
Q

Erikson is an ego psychologist. What do ego psychologists believe?

A

They believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

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10
Q

What does Eriksons 8 stages emphasize?

A

Social relationships

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11
Q

Which Freudian stage emphasizes the least amount of sexuality?

A

Latency (6-12), only stage that is not primarily psychosexual in nature. Sexual drives seems hidden/not very prominent

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12
Q

Who is the only psychoanalyst to create a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan?

A

Erikson

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13
Q

What is Eriksons first stage of psychosical development?

A

Trust versus mistrust

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14
Q

What is the difference between manifest and latent content?

A

Manifest describes the dream material as presented, latent refers to the hidden meaning

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15
Q

What do Eriksons 8 stages represent?

A

A psychological crisis or turning point

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16
Q

Who is William Perry?

A

Hes known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially college students.

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17
Q

What concept does William Perry stress?

A

Dualistic thinking

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18
Q

When does Eriksons stage of the identity crisis take place?

A

Adolescents

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19
Q

What is the Erikson stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person?

A

Intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-24)

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20
Q

When does relativistic thinking emerge?

A

Adulthood

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21
Q

What is Erikson’s 8th stage of psychosocial development?

A

Integrity vs despair (60 yrs old)

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22
Q

What does Robert Kegan’s model stress?

A

Interpersonal development: individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan

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23
Q

What is the correct order of Jean Piagets four stages?

A
  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperations
  • Concrete operations
  • Formal operations
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24
Q

What is relativistic thinking?

A
  • Individual has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong
  • Answers can exist relative to specific situations
  • Theres more than one way to view the world.
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25
Q

What does Piagets term of conservation refer to?

A

The notion that a substances weight, mass and volume remain the same even if the shape changes

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26
Q

What stage does conservation take place?

A

Concrete operation (7-11 years old)

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27
Q

How old is a child in Piaget’s preoperations stage?

A

2 to 7

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28
Q

How old is a child in Piagets sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to 2 years

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29
Q

How old is a child in Piagets’s concrete operation stage?

A

7 to 11

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30
Q

How old is a child in Piagets formal operations stage?

A

12 years and older

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31
Q

Who is the leading theorist in moral development, who expanded on Piagets conceptualization?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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32
Q

How does Vygotsky think the stages of development unfold?

A

Educational intervention

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33
Q

Whats the superego?

A

Moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality

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34
Q

In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?

A

-Generativity vs stagnation (35-45 years)

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35
Q

What does the concept of egocentrism, from Piagets 2nd stage refer to?

A

Conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else

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36
Q

What is Piagets concept of reversibility in the 3rd stage refer to?

A

The notion suggests that if one can undo an action than an object can return to its initial shape

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37
Q

What are Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?

A
  • Preconventional
  • Conventional
  • Postconventional
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38
Q

What is Kohlbergs preconventional level of morality?

A

The child responds to consequences and reward/punishment greatly influence behavior

39
Q

What is Kohlbergs conventional level of morality?

A

The individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society and even nation

40
Q

Whats Kohlbergs postconventional level of morality?

A

Person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity and equality of human rights. Many people never reach this.

41
Q

Kohlbergs second level of morality, conventional morality is characterized by…?

A

A desire to live up to societys expectations and a desire to conform

42
Q

What is Vygotskys zone of proximal development?

A

Describes the difference between a childs performance without a teacher versus what they are capable of with an instructor

43
Q

What are maturationists?

A

Believe bx is guided by hereditary factors and that certain bxs will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment

44
Q

John Bowlbys name is most closely associated with….

A

Bonding & attachment

45
Q

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monekys is…

A

Harry Harlow

46
Q

What did Harry Harlow believe?

A
  • Attachment is an innate tendency and not one that can be learned
  • Monkeys placed in isolation develop autistic abnormal bx
47
Q

When is the fear of death most prominent?

A

Middle age

48
Q

What do stage theorists assume?

A

Qualitative changes between stages occur

49
Q

What does heritability mean?

A

Its the portion of the trait that can be explained via genetic factors

50
Q

What happens in Piagets formal operations stage?

A
  • Abstract thinking emerges
  • Problems can be solved using deduction
  • Child can think in terms of multiple hypotheses
51
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s formal operation stage?

A

Approximately 11 and beyond

52
Q

Kohlberg has ___ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels?

A

6, 3

53
Q

What is the correct order of the Freudian psychosocial stages?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
54
Q

Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children utilizing…?

A

A visual cliff

55
Q

What do behavioristic empiricist researchers value?

A

Statistical studies and the role of the environment

56
Q

What is a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative?

A

An empiricist

57
Q

What position holds that developmental strides are qualitative?

A

Organicism

58
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Its in Piagets sensorimotor stage where children (beyond 8 months old) learn that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them

59
Q

When does the schema or permanency and constancy of objects occur?

A

Sensorimotor stage

60
Q

List Piagets stages & ages

A
  • Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
  • Preoperational (2 to 7)
  • Concrete operational (7 to 12)
  • Formal operational (7 and beyond)
61
Q

The word ethology, often associated with Konrad Lorenz refers to…

A

The study of animals bx in their natural environment

62
Q

John Bowlbys name is most closely associated with….

A

Bonding & attachment

63
Q

In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?

A

-Generativity vs stagnation (35-45 years)

64
Q

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monekys is…

A

Harry Harlow

65
Q

What did Harry Harlow believe?

A
  • Attachment is an innate tendency and not one that can be learned
  • Monkeys placed in isolation develop autistic abnormal bx
66
Q

What is the Erikson stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person?

A

Intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-24)

67
Q

What are Freuds psychosexual stages?

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
68
Q

What is the difference between manifest and latent content?

A

Manifest describes the dream material as presented, latent refers to the hidden meaning

69
Q

When is the fear of death most prominent?

A

Middle age

70
Q

Which Freudian stage emphasizes the least amount of sexuality?

A

Latency (6-12), only stage that is not primarily psychosexual in nature. Sexual drives seems hidden/not very prominent

71
Q

What do stage theorists assume?

A

Qualitative changes between stages occur

72
Q

What is the primal scene?

A

Happens when a young child witnesses his parents having sex, or is seduced by a parent

73
Q

What does heritability mean?

A

Its the portion of the trait that can be explained via genetic factors

74
Q

What happens in Piagets formal operations stage?

A
  • Abstract thinking emerges
  • Problems can be solved using deduction
  • Child can think in terms of multiple hypotheses
75
Q

Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children utilizing…?

A

A visual cliff

76
Q

Kohlberg has ___ stages of moral development which fall into ____ levels?

A

6, 3

77
Q

What do behavioristic empiricist researchers value?

A

Statistical studies and the role of the environment

78
Q

What is a theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative?

A

An empiricist

79
Q

What position holds that developmental strides are qualitative?

A

Organicism

80
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Its in Piagets sensorimotor stage where children (beyond 8 months old) learn that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them

81
Q

When does the schema or permanency and constancy of objects occur?

A

Sensorimotor stage

82
Q

List Piagets stages & ages

A
  • Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
  • Preoperational (2 to 7)
  • Concrete operational (7 to 12)
  • Formal operational (7 and beyond)
83
Q

The word ethology, often associated with Konrad Lorenz refers to…

A

The study of animals bx in their natural environment

84
Q

What is Piagets concept, centration?

A

Occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object, while not noticing the rest of it

85
Q

What is Piagets concept of egocentrism?

A

Refers to the preoperational childs inability to see the world from anyone elses vantage point

86
Q

What is Piagets concept of deductive thinking?

A

Deductive thinking processes allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations

87
Q

According to Piaget, when does the acquistion of a symbolic schema take place?

A

Preoperational stage

88
Q

What does anima and animus mean?

A
  • Anima represents the female characteristics of the personality
  • Animus represents the male characteristics
89
Q

Which theorist said aggrssion is an inborn tendency?

A

Konrad Lorenz

90
Q

What is Konrad Lorenz’s concept of imprinting?

A

Imprinting is an instinct which a newborn will follow a moving object

91
Q

What does self actualization mean?

A

The person becomes all he or she can be

92
Q

What is the maturational viewpoint of development?

A

Believe that the mind is seen as being driven by instincts, while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limts on development

93
Q

Which theorist stresses the ego?

A

Erikson

94
Q

How old are children in Piaget’s formal operation stage?

A

Approximately 11 and beyond

95
Q

What is William Perry’s concept of dualistic thinking?

A

Its common to teens where things are conceptualized as good or bad. Right or wrong (black/white thinking)

NCE Exam (8 decks)

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