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NCE Exam > Helping Relationships > Flashcards

Helping Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Which theorist, who worked with Freud created individual psychology?

A

Alfred Alder

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2
Q

Which theorist, who worked with Freud created analytic psychology?

A

Carl Jung

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3
Q

Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits which 3 ego states:

A
  • The child
  • The adult
  • The parent
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4
Q

How did Freud feel someone could successfully resolve the Oedipus complex?

A

By identifying with the aggressor (the person of the same sex)

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5
Q

What do the Freudian’s refer to ego as?

A

Some refer to it as the police officer which controls the impulses from the id and superego, it acts as a mediator

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6
Q

What does the word eros mean to Freudians?

A

Eros means love and to Freudians it means self-preservation

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7
Q

What does the word Thanatos mean to Freudians?

A

Thanatos means death, or death instinct

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8
Q

Which 3 theorists are associated with the analytic movement?

A
  • Freud
  • Jung
  • Alder
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9
Q

Who was Little Albert?

A
  • Involved in Watson’s famous case, where he an 11 month kid was conditioned to be afraid of furry objects
  • Experiment has been used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than unconscious
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10
Q

What are some differences between psychodynamic and classical psychoanalysis?

A
  • Psychodynamic utilizes fewer sessions
  • Doesn’t utilize a couch
  • Is performed face to face
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11
Q

What is the preconscious mind capable of?

A
  • Bringing ideas, images and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
  • Can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind
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12
Q

What is the ego ideal?

A

The perfect self or ideal self that one judges oneself against

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13
Q

What are ego defense mechanisms?

A

An unconscious process which serves to minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id and superego demands

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14
Q

According to Freudian’s what is the most important defense mechanism?

A

Repression

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15
Q

What is reactive formation?

A

Occurs when a person cant accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner. They act in the opposite way as they feel.

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16
Q

What is the difference between suppression and repression?

A

Repression is automatic or involuntary

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17
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially appropriate way

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18
Q

What is introjection?

A

Takes place when a child accepts a parent’s, caretakers or significant other’s values as his or her own

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19
Q

What is displacement?

A

Displacing anger at someone else, even when you are really mad at something else

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20
Q

What is projection?

A

A person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her self onto others

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21
Q

What is identification?

A

Results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that they will be perceived as successful or worthwhile

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22
Q

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of…?

A

Alfred Alder’s individual psychology

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23
Q

Jung (founder of analytic psychology) said men operate on the _____ principle, while women operate on the _______ principle

A

Logos (logic), eros (intuition)

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24
Q

Who emphasized the drive/strive for superiority?

A

Adler

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25
Q

What did neo-Freudians emphasize that Freud did not?

A

Social factors

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26
Q

Who are some of the main neo-Freudians?

A

Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan

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27
Q

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with…

A

Jung

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28
Q

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are associated with the work of…

A

Jung

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29
Q

Who was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice?

A

Rudolph Dreikurs

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30
Q

Who emphasized the concept of social connectedness, where people wish to belong?

A

Adler

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31
Q

What are paradoxical techniques?

A

Clients are instructed to intensify or purposely engage in maladaptive behavior

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32
Q

What is an archetype?

A
  • It is material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation.
  • Its a universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (ex: cross)
33
Q

What is the psychoanalytic concept of symptom substitution?

A

If you merely deal with one symptom, another symptom will manifest itself, since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

34
Q

The word eclectic is most closely associated with….?

A

Frederick C. Thorne

35
Q

B.F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on….

A

Edward Thorndike’s law of effect

36
Q

What does “law of effect” refer to?

A

Asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out

37
Q

Classical conditioning relates to the work of….?

A

Ivan Pavlov

38
Q

Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as…?

A

Instrumental learning (remember, Skinner has an “i”, just like instrumental)

39
Q

What does respondent behavior refer to?

A

Reflexes (remember respondent and reflexes both have “r”)

40
Q

What’s the difference between Pavlov and Skinner?

A

Pavlovian conditioning is respondent while Skinner’s is instrumental/operant

41
Q

What is differential reinforcement of other behavior?

A

Positively reinforcing an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior

42
Q

What’s negative reinforcement?

A

Requires the withdrawal of an averse (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur

43
Q

What’s the difference between reinforcers and punishment?

A

All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it

44
Q

What’s the difference between positive and negative punishment?

A
  • Positive punishment is said to occur when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases
  • Negative punishment takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
45
Q

What’s the memory device for remembering the US/UCS with the Pavlovian meat example?

A

In the U.S. we eat a lot of meat. In the experiment, the US (sometimes written as UCS) is the unconditioned stimulus, the meat

46
Q

What is the most effective time interval between the CS and US

A

0.5 or half of a second

47
Q

What is experimental neurosis?

A

When the process of differentiation becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical

48
Q

When does extinction occur?

A
  • It occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is “not” reinforced.
  • The behavior will eventually extinguish when reinforcement is withheld
49
Q

John B Watson’s name is associated with?

A

Little Albert

50
Q

What is a response/extinction burst?

A

When there is an increase in behavior before its eliminated

51
Q

What is a “chain?”

A

A sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response will occur

52
Q

What are behavior modification strategies based on?

A

Skinnerian principles (operant, instrumental)

53
Q

What is behavioral therapy based on?

A

Pavlovian principles (classical, respondent)

54
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

A choice

55
Q

Who created the 5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect?

A

Robert Carkhuff

56
Q

What is an operant?

A

Any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant

57
Q

What is a respondent?

A

A consequence of a known stimulus

58
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

It monitors brain waves

59
Q

What does an EMG measure?

A

It measures direct muscle feedback

60
Q

What does LPB stand for?

A

Low probability behavior

61
Q

What does HPB stand for?

A

High probability behavior

62
Q

What are the 2 classes of intermittent reinforcement?

A

Ratio and interval (based on time)

63
Q

Whats the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?

A

Variable ratio

64
Q

Which is the most ineffective intermittent schedule?

A

Fixed interval

65
Q

What is a back up reinforcer?

A

It is an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens

66
Q

What is a form of behavioral sex therapy?

A

Sensate focus

67
Q

What is implosive therapy?

A

It is always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on symbolism

68
Q

What is flooding?

A

Occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus

69
Q

What is logotherapy?

A

Healing through meaning, it is based on existentialism

70
Q

What is the purpose of existentialism?

A

Counselors help the client discover meaning in their life and focus on the here and now

71
Q

Name 3 existentialists

A

Frankl, Yalom, May

72
Q

What is ontology?

A

The philosophy of being and existing

73
Q

What does reality therapy incorporate?

A
  • Control theory (aka choice theory)

- Often referred to as BCP (perception controls our behavior)

74
Q

How does reality therapy view behavior?

A

Our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs

75
Q

What is reality therapy based on?

A

The here and now

76
Q

What is “failure identity” according to reality therapists?

A

When someone dwells on past failures to reinforce negative self concept

77
Q

What is the focus when discussing the past in reality therapy?

A

Successful behaviors

78
Q

What is the final step of reality therapy?

A

That the client and counselor be persistent and never give up

79
Q

What is a bibliotherapy?

A

It is the use of books or writings pertaining to self improvement, can be a form of homework

NCE Exam (8 decks)

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