Helping Relationships Flashcards
Which theorist, who worked with Freud created individual psychology?
Alfred Alder
Which theorist, who worked with Freud created analytic psychology?
Carl Jung
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits which 3 ego states:
- The child
- The adult
- The parent
How did Freud feel someone could successfully resolve the Oedipus complex?
By identifying with the aggressor (the person of the same sex)
What do the Freudian’s refer to ego as?
Some refer to it as the police officer which controls the impulses from the id and superego, it acts as a mediator
What does the word eros mean to Freudians?
Eros means love and to Freudians it means self-preservation
What does the word Thanatos mean to Freudians?
Thanatos means death, or death instinct
Which 3 theorists are associated with the analytic movement?
- Freud
- Jung
- Alder
Who was Little Albert?
- Involved in Watson’s famous case, where he an 11 month kid was conditioned to be afraid of furry objects
- Experiment has been used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than unconscious
What are some differences between psychodynamic and classical psychoanalysis?
- Psychodynamic utilizes fewer sessions
- Doesn’t utilize a couch
- Is performed face to face
What is the preconscious mind capable of?
- Bringing ideas, images and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
- Can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind
What is the ego ideal?
The perfect self or ideal self that one judges oneself against
What are ego defense mechanisms?
An unconscious process which serves to minimize anxiety and protect self from severe id and superego demands
According to Freudian’s what is the most important defense mechanism?
Repression
What is reactive formation?
Occurs when a person cant accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner. They act in the opposite way as they feel.
What is the difference between suppression and repression?
Repression is automatic or involuntary
What is sublimation?
When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially appropriate way
What is introjection?
Takes place when a child accepts a parent’s, caretakers or significant other’s values as his or her own
What is displacement?
Displacing anger at someone else, even when you are really mad at something else
What is projection?
A person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her self onto others
What is identification?
Results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that they will be perceived as successful or worthwhile
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of…?
Alfred Alder’s individual psychology
Jung (founder of analytic psychology) said men operate on the _____ principle, while women operate on the _______ principle
Logos (logic), eros (intuition)
Who emphasized the drive/strive for superiority?
Adler
What did neo-Freudians emphasize that Freud did not?
Social factors
Who are some of the main neo-Freudians?
Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with…
Jung
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are associated with the work of…
Jung
Who was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice?
Rudolph Dreikurs
Who emphasized the concept of social connectedness, where people wish to belong?
Adler
What are paradoxical techniques?
Clients are instructed to intensify or purposely engage in maladaptive behavior
What is an archetype?
- It is material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation.
- Its a universal symbol that means the same thing to men and women (ex: cross)
What is the psychoanalytic concept of symptom substitution?
If you merely deal with one symptom, another symptom will manifest itself, since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
The word eclectic is most closely associated with….?
Frederick C. Thorne
B.F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on….
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
What does “law of effect” refer to?
Asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out
Classical conditioning relates to the work of….?
Ivan Pavlov
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as…?
Instrumental learning (remember, Skinner has an “i”, just like instrumental)
What does respondent behavior refer to?
Reflexes (remember respondent and reflexes both have “r”)
What’s the difference between Pavlov and Skinner?
Pavlovian conditioning is respondent while Skinner’s is instrumental/operant
What is differential reinforcement of other behavior?
Positively reinforcing an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior
What’s negative reinforcement?
Requires the withdrawal of an averse (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur
What’s the difference between reinforcers and punishment?
All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it
What’s the difference between positive and negative punishment?
- Positive punishment is said to occur when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases
- Negative punishment takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
What’s the memory device for remembering the US/UCS with the Pavlovian meat example?
In the U.S. we eat a lot of meat. In the experiment, the US (sometimes written as UCS) is the unconditioned stimulus, the meat
What is the most effective time interval between the CS and US
0.5 or half of a second
What is experimental neurosis?
When the process of differentiation becomes too difficult because the stimuli are almost identical
When does extinction occur?
- It occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is “not” reinforced.
- The behavior will eventually extinguish when reinforcement is withheld
John B Watson’s name is associated with?
Little Albert
What is a response/extinction burst?
When there is an increase in behavior before its eliminated
What is a “chain?”
A sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response will occur
What are behavior modification strategies based on?
Skinnerian principles (operant, instrumental)
What is behavioral therapy based on?
Pavlovian principles (classical, respondent)
What is a paradigm?
A choice
Who created the 5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect?
Robert Carkhuff
What is an operant?
Any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulant
What is a respondent?
A consequence of a known stimulus
What does an EEG measure?
It monitors brain waves
What does an EMG measure?
It measures direct muscle feedback
What does LPB stand for?
Low probability behavior
What does HPB stand for?
High probability behavior
What are the 2 classes of intermittent reinforcement?
Ratio and interval (based on time)
Whats the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?
Variable ratio
Which is the most ineffective intermittent schedule?
Fixed interval
What is a back up reinforcer?
It is an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens
What is a form of behavioral sex therapy?
Sensate focus
What is implosive therapy?
It is always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on symbolism
What is flooding?
Occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
What is logotherapy?
Healing through meaning, it is based on existentialism
What is the purpose of existentialism?
Counselors help the client discover meaning in their life and focus on the here and now
Name 3 existentialists
Frankl, Yalom, May
What is ontology?
The philosophy of being and existing
What does reality therapy incorporate?
- Control theory (aka choice theory)
- Often referred to as BCP (perception controls our behavior)
How does reality therapy view behavior?
Our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs
What is reality therapy based on?
The here and now
What is “failure identity” according to reality therapists?
When someone dwells on past failures to reinforce negative self concept
What is the focus when discussing the past in reality therapy?
Successful behaviors
What is the final step of reality therapy?
That the client and counselor be persistent and never give up
What is a bibliotherapy?
It is the use of books or writings pertaining to self improvement, can be a form of homework
