Human Growth & Development Flashcards
1
Q
Define Development
A
Is ongoing, systematic, orderly, sequential & said to build upon itself.
2
Q
Define Continual
A
Implied that development occurs throughout the lifespan.
3
Q
Explain Nature/Nurture
A
Inborn tendencies/heredity vs. Environment (learning, upbringing)
4
Q
Define Critical Periods
A
- A behavior or developmentla process (such as language) can be acquired & can be difficult to acquire at a later time of life.
- Children have more neural connections than adults.
5
Q
Who is G. Stanley Hall
A
- First president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
- Popularized child guidance.
6
Q
Behavior Theories can?
A
- Can be tested
- Can be practically applied
- Ignores genetic processes & changes
- Behaviors are learned & can be changed
7
Q
What theorists contributed to the Behaviorism Movement?
A
- John B. Watson
- Ivan Palvov
- Joseph Wolpe
- B.F. Skinner
8
Q
Explain Behaviorism Movement
A
The mind is like a computer (fed information)
9
Q
Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment?
A
John B. Watson
10
Q
Explain Little Albert Experiment
A
- Fear Experiment
- Demonstrated that a little child could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of, which is also known as a neutral stimulus.
11
Q
Who conducted the classical conditioning experiment?
A
Ivan Pavlov
12
Q
Explain Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
A
- Classical Conditioning (learned vs. unlearned)
- Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one.
- Learning process that occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired; involuntary response & stimulus
13
Q
Who is known for Systematic Desensitization?
A
Joseph Wolpe
14
Q
Explain Wolpe’s Systematic Desensitization?
A
- Paradoxical Intention
- Pairing imaginal exposure with relaxation, so that the anxiety elicited by the confrontation with the feared stimuli is inhibited by relaxation.
15
Q
Who is known for Operant Conditioning?
A
B.F. Skinner
16
Q
Explain Skinner Experiment
A
- Operant (instrumental) Conditioning
- A learning method that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
- A method of learning where the consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated.
17
Q
What are the 3 types of responses?
A
- Neutral Operants
- Reinforcers
- Punishers
18
Q
Define Neutral Operants
A
Responses from environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.
19
Q
Define Reinforcers
A
Increase likelihood of behavior repeating
20
Q
Define Positive Reinforcement
A
Response/Behavior strengthened by rewards, may be positive or negative.
21
Q
Define Negative Reinforcement
A
Removal of an adverse stimulant which is rewarding to the subject.
22
Q
Define Punishers
A
Decrease likelihood or behavior repeating.
23
Q
According to John Locke was do behaviorism models rely on?
A
Empiricism: All knowledge is derived from sense experience
* All behavior is the result of learning.
24
Q
What are Erikson’s Human Dev. stages?
A
Psychosocial
25
How many stages are in Erikson's Dev.?
8
26
Name Erikson's Human Dev. Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust-Birth to 1.5 yrs.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt-1.5 to 3 yrs.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt-3 to 6 yrs.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority-6 to 11 yrs.
5. Identity vs. Role Confustion-12 to 18 yrs.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation-18 to 35 yrs.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation-35 to 60 yrs.
8. Integrity vs. Despair-65+ yrs.
27
Whose theory covers the entire life span?
Erikson
28
What happens in Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust
* Birth-18 months old
* Baby needs to trust the world
29
What happens in Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt?
* 18 months-3 years old
* Toilet training, self-control, learning to be independent
30
What happens in Erikson's Inititative vs. Guilt?
* 3 years old-6 years old
* Learn to initiate tasks & carry out plans; may feel shame for asking questions or asserting independence.
31
What happens in Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority?
* 6 years old-12 years old
* Competency of what I'm good at & how it can be applied to tasks.
32
What happens in Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion?
* 12 years old-20 years old
* Development of peer relationships, either forming identity or confused about who I am.
33
What happens in Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation?
* 20 years old-40 years old
* Mainly concerned with lovers/friends. Intimate relationships.
34
What happens in Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation?
* 40 years old-65 years old
* Parenting, Community, Contributing to next generation; Mid-Life crisis stage.
35
What happens in Integrity vs. Despair?
* 65 years old +
* Reflecting on meaning/purpose of life. Did I live a good life?
36
Who developed Cognitive Dev.?
John Piaget
37
How many stages are in Piaget's stages?
4
38
Name Piaget's Stages?
1. Sensorimotor-Birth to 2yrs.
2. Preoperational-2 to 7 yrs.
3. Concrete Operations-7 to 12 yrs.
4. Formal Operations-12 to 16 yrs.
39
What stage does Object Permanence occur?
* Sensorimotor
* Object Permanance: An object that the child can't see still exists.
40
What stage does Centration occur?
* Preoperational
* Centration: Focusing on one aspect of something.
41
What stage does Conservation occur?
* Concrete Operations
* Conservation: a child knows volume & quantity do not change even though the appearance of an object change (pouring a short glass of water into a tall glass of water)
42
Define Schema
Patterns of thoughts & behavior.
(Schemata-plural of schema)
43
Define Adaptation
Occurs qualitatively (change in organization or structure)
44
Define Assimilation
When the individual fits information into existing ideas.
45
Define Accomodation
Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.
46
Whose responsible for Constructive Dev. Model?
Robert Keagan
47
What is the purpose of Constructive Dev. Model?
Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interactions & our perception of reality.
48
How many stages are in Keagan's Lifespan Dev.?
6
49
Name Keagan's 6 stages of lifespan dev.
1. Incorporative
2. Impulsive
3. Imperial
4. Interpersonal
5. Institutional
6. Interindividual
50
Who is known for Moral Development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
51
How many levels are in Kohlberg's Moral Dev.?
3
52
What are Kohlberg's levels?
1. Preconventional Level
2. Conventional Level
3. Postconventional Level
53
Explain Preconventional Level
Behavior governed by consequences
| Each level has two stages
54
Explain Conventional Level
Desire to conform by socially acceptable rules
| Each level has two stages
55
Explain Postconventional Level
Self-accepted more principles guide behavior
| Each level has two stages
56
Who was responsible for Moral Dev. for Women?
Carol Gilligan
57
Explain Gilligan's Moral Dev. for Women
* Believed Kohlberg's research was conducted on males.
* Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
58
Who was responsible for Four Major Eras/Transitions?
Daniel Levinson
59
How many stages are in Levinson's theory?
4
60
What are the stages of Levinson's theory?
1. Childhood & Adolescence
2. Early Adulthood
3. Middle Adulthood
4. Later Adulthood
| Book: The Seasons of a Man's Life
61
Who was responsible for Zone of Proximal Dev. (ZPD)?
Lev Vygotsky
62
Define Zone of Proximal Dev. (ZPD)
Difference in the child's ability to solve problems on their own & their own capacity to solve them with some help from others.
63
Who was responsible for Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
64
Explain Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Lower-order physiological & safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization
* Few people achieve self-actualization (higher order).
65
Name Freud's Psychosexual Stages
* Oral: Birth-1 year old
* Anal: 1-3 years old
* Phallic: 3-6 years old
* Latency: 6-12 years old
* Genital: Adolescence & Adulthood
66
Who was responsible for Intellectual & Ethical Dev. (Adults/College Students)
William Perry
67
What are the stages of Perry's Intellectual & Ethical Dev. (Adults/College Students)?
* Dualism: Students view the truth as either right or wrong.
* Relativism: Notion that a perfect answer may not exist; Desire to know various opinions.
* Commitment to Relativism: Willing to change their opinion based on novel facts & new points of view.
68
Who is responsible for Theory of Faith & Spiritual Dev.?
James Fowler
69
What are the stages of Fowler's Theory of Faith & Spiritual Dev.?
Stage 0: Birth-4 years old
Stage 1: 2-7 years old
Stage 2: childhood & beyond
Stage 3: adolescence & beyond
Stage 4: young adult & beyond
Stage 5: mid 30's & beyond
Stage 6: midlife & beyond
