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Human Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define Development

A

Is ongoing, systematic, orderly, sequential & said to build upon itself.

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2
Q

Define Continual

A

Implied that development occurs throughout the lifespan.

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3
Q

Explain Nature/Nurture

A

Inborn tendencies/heredity vs. Environment (learning, upbringing)

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4
Q

Define Critical Periods

A
  • A behavior or developmentla process (such as language) can be acquired & can be difficult to acquire at a later time of life.
  • Children have more neural connections than adults.
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5
Q

Who is G. Stanley Hall

A
  • First president of the American Psychological Association (APA)
  • Popularized child guidance.
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6
Q

Behavior Theories can?

A
  • Can be tested
  • Can be practically applied
  • Ignores genetic processes & changes
  • Behaviors are learned & can be changed
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7
Q

What theorists contributed to the Behaviorism Movement?

A
  • John B. Watson
  • Ivan Palvov
  • Joseph Wolpe
  • B.F. Skinner
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8
Q

Explain Behaviorism Movement

A

The mind is like a computer (fed information)

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9
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment?

A

John B. Watson

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10
Q

Explain Little Albert Experiment

A
  • Fear Experiment
  • Demonstrated that a little child could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of, which is also known as a neutral stimulus.
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11
Q

Who conducted the classical conditioning experiment?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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12
Q

Explain Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

A
  • Classical Conditioning (learned vs. unlearned)
  • Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one.
  • Learning process that occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired; involuntary response & stimulus
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13
Q

Who is known for Systematic Desensitization?

A

Joseph Wolpe

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14
Q

Explain Wolpe’s Systematic Desensitization?

A
  • Paradoxical Intention
  • Pairing imaginal exposure with relaxation, so that the anxiety elicited by the confrontation with the feared stimuli is inhibited by relaxation.
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15
Q

Who is known for Operant Conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

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16
Q

Explain Skinner Experiment

A
  • Operant (instrumental) Conditioning
  • A learning method that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
  • A method of learning where the consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated.
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17
Q

What are the 3 types of responses?

A
  1. Neutral Operants
  2. Reinforcers
  3. Punishers
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18
Q

Define Neutral Operants

A

Responses from environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.

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19
Q

Define Reinforcers

A

Increase likelihood of behavior repeating

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20
Q

Define Positive Reinforcement

A

Response/Behavior strengthened by rewards, may be positive or negative.

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21
Q

Define Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of an adverse stimulant which is rewarding to the subject.

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22
Q

Define Punishers

A

Decrease likelihood or behavior repeating.

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23
Q

According to John Locke was do behaviorism models rely on?

A

Empiricism: All knowledge is derived from sense experience
* All behavior is the result of learning.

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24
Q

What are Erikson’s Human Dev. stages?

A

Psychosocial

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25
Q

How many stages are in Erikson’s Dev.?

A

8

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26
Q

Name Erikson’s Human Dev. Stages

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust-Birth to 1.5 yrs.
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt-1.5 to 3 yrs.
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt-3 to 6 yrs.
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority-6 to 11 yrs.
  5. Identity vs. Role Confustion-12 to 18 yrs.
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation-18 to 35 yrs.
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation-35 to 60 yrs.
  8. Integrity vs. Despair-65+ yrs.
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27
Q

Whose theory covers the entire life span?

A

Erikson

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28
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust

A
  • Birth-18 months old
  • Baby needs to trust the world
29
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt?

A
  • 18 months-3 years old
  • Toilet training, self-control, learning to be independent
30
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Inititative vs. Guilt?

A
  • 3 years old-6 years old
  • Learn to initiate tasks & carry out plans; may feel shame for asking questions or asserting independence.
31
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority?

A
  • 6 years old-12 years old
  • Competency of what I’m good at & how it can be applied to tasks.
32
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion?

A
  • 12 years old-20 years old
  • Development of peer relationships, either forming identity or confused about who I am.
33
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation?

A
  • 20 years old-40 years old
  • Mainly concerned with lovers/friends. Intimate relationships.
34
Q

What happens in Erikson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation?

A
  • 40 years old-65 years old
  • Parenting, Community, Contributing to next generation; Mid-Life crisis stage.
35
Q

What happens in Integrity vs. Despair?

A
  • 65 years old +
  • Reflecting on meaning/purpose of life. Did I live a good life?
36
Q

Who developed Cognitive Dev.?

A

John Piaget

37
Q

How many stages are in Piaget’s stages?

38
Q

Name Piaget’s Stages?

A
  1. Sensorimotor-Birth to 2yrs.
  2. Preoperational-2 to 7 yrs.
  3. Concrete Operations-7 to 12 yrs.
  4. Formal Operations-12 to 16 yrs.
39
Q

What stage does Object Permanence occur?

A
  • Sensorimotor
  • Object Permanance: An object that the child can’t see still exists.
40
Q

What stage does Centration occur?

A
  • Preoperational
  • Centration: Focusing on one aspect of something.
41
Q

What stage does Conservation occur?

A
  • Concrete Operations
  • Conservation: a child knows volume & quantity do not change even though the appearance of an object change (pouring a short glass of water into a tall glass of water)
42
Q

Define Schema

A

Patterns of thoughts & behavior.
(Schemata-plural of schema)

43
Q

Define Adaptation

A

Occurs qualitatively (change in organization or structure)

44
Q

Define Assimilation

A

When the individual fits information into existing ideas.

45
Q

Define Accomodation

A

Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.

46
Q

Whose responsible for Constructive Dev. Model?

A

Robert Keagan

47
Q

What is the purpose of Constructive Dev. Model?

A

Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interactions & our perception of reality.

48
Q

How many stages are in Keagan’s Lifespan Dev.?

49
Q

Name Keagan’s 6 stages of lifespan dev.

A
  1. Incorporative
  2. Impulsive
  3. Imperial
  4. Interpersonal
  5. Institutional
  6. Interindividual
50
Q

Who is known for Moral Development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

51
Q

How many levels are in Kohlberg’s Moral Dev.?

52
Q

What are Kohlberg’s levels?

A
  1. Preconventional Level
  2. Conventional Level
  3. Postconventional Level
53
Q

Explain Preconventional Level

A

Behavior governed by consequences

Each level has two stages

54
Q

Explain Conventional Level

A

Desire to conform by socially acceptable rules

Each level has two stages

55
Q

Explain Postconventional Level

A

Self-accepted more principles guide behavior

Each level has two stages

56
Q

Who was responsible for Moral Dev. for Women?

A

Carol Gilligan

57
Q

Explain Gilligan’s Moral Dev. for Women

A
  • Believed Kohlberg’s research was conducted on males.
  • Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
58
Q

Who was responsible for Four Major Eras/Transitions?

A

Daniel Levinson

59
Q

How many stages are in Levinson’s theory?

60
Q

What are the stages of Levinson’s theory?

A
  1. Childhood & Adolescence
  2. Early Adulthood
  3. Middle Adulthood
  4. Later Adulthood

Book: The Seasons of a Man’s Life

61
Q

Who was responsible for Zone of Proximal Dev. (ZPD)?

A

Lev Vygotsky

62
Q

Define Zone of Proximal Dev. (ZPD)

A

Difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on their own & their own capacity to solve them with some help from others.

63
Q

Who was responsible for Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

64
Q

Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Lower-order physiological & safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization
* Few people achieve self-actualization (higher order).

65
Q

Name Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

A
  • Oral: Birth-1 year old
  • Anal: 1-3 years old
  • Phallic: 3-6 years old
  • Latency: 6-12 years old
  • Genital: Adolescence & Adulthood
66
Q

Who was responsible for Intellectual & Ethical Dev. (Adults/College Students)

A

William Perry

67
Q

What are the stages of Perry’s Intellectual & Ethical Dev. (Adults/College Students)?

A
  • Dualism: Students view the truth as either right or wrong.
  • Relativism: Notion that a perfect answer may not exist; Desire to know various opinions.
  • Commitment to Relativism: Willing to change their opinion based on novel facts & new points of view.
68
Q

Who is responsible for Theory of Faith & Spiritual Dev.?

A

James Fowler

69
Q

What are the stages of Fowler’s Theory of Faith & Spiritual Dev.?

A

Stage 0: Birth-4 years old
Stage 1: 2-7 years old
Stage 2: childhood & beyond
Stage 3: adolescence & beyond
Stage 4: young adult & beyond
Stage 5: mid 30’s & beyond
Stage 6: midlife & beyond

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