Human Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories of human growth and development theories?

A
  1. Learning (behavioral)
  2. Cognitive
  3. Psychoanalytic
  4. Humanistic
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2
Q

At what age do most children show signs of self-recognition?

A

By 24 months (2 years) of age

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3
Q

At what age do children have the ability to describe inner qualities?

A

By around 8 years old

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4
Q

Who is responsible for the theory of “blank slate” or “tabula rasa”?

A

John Locke

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5
Q

What are the 4 principal neurotransmitters in the brain?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Dopamine
  4. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)
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6
Q

Acetylcholine is important for

A
  1. Memory
  2. Optimal cognitive functioning
  3. Emotional balance and control
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7
Q

Serotonin:

A
  1. Affects feelings, behaving, and thinking
  2. Critical for emotional and cognitive processes
  3. Vital to sleep and anxiety control
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8
Q

Dopamine:

A
  1. Emotional wellness
  2. Motivation
  3. Pleasurable things
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9
Q

GABA:

A
  1. Helps reduce anxiety
  2. Promotes relaxation and sleep
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10
Q

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychologist)

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11
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Food/water to
  2. Security/safety to
  3. Belonging/love to
  4. Self esteem/prestige/status to
  5. Self-actualization
    From physiological needs to social needs to cognitive needs
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12
Q

Behaviorism (John Watson & B.F. Skinner):

A

Learning and behavior changes are the result of rewards and punishments.

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13
Q

Classic Conditioning (pavlov)

A

Food - salivation, bell - salivation

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14
Q

Types of Operant conditioning

A
  1. Positive/negative reinforcement
  2. Positive/negative punishment
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15
Q

Reinforcement vs Punishment

A

Refer to chart

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16
Q

5 stages of Psychosexual Development (Freud)

A
  1. Oral (0-1)
  2. Anal (2 to 3 years)
  3. Phallic (3 to 5 years)
  4. Latency (6 to 12 years)
  5. Genital (12-19 years some say never ends)
17
Q

Reaction formation (over compensating) Anna Freud

A

expressing a motive or impulse in a way that is
directly opposite what was originally intended.

18
Q

Regression:

A

retreating to earlier or more primitive (childlike) forms of behavior.

19
Q

Introjection:

A

the unconscious adoption of the ideas or attitudes of others.

20
Q

Sublimation:

A

Channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or emotions into more socially acceptable behaviors.

21
Q

Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

Psychoanalytic theory but psychosocial rather than psychosexual

Reference chart

22
Q

Jean Piaget (cognitive) argued we inherit two tendencies, what are they?

A

Organization: how we systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge.
Adaptation: the adjustment to the environment

23
Q

What are the two processes within piaget’s concept of adaptation?

A

Assimilation: seeks to relate new information into old schemas

Accommodation: creating new schemes to accommodate new information that may not fit into existing schemas

24
Q

What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational

Refer to chart

25
Who came up with the theory of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
26
What are Kohlbergs three levels between self and society?
1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional Reference chart
27
Levinson’s three major transitions/times are
1. Early adult transition (17 to 22) 2. Mid-life transition (40 to 45) midlife crisis happens in this stage 3. Late adult transition (60 to 65)
28
Levinson’s 3 sets of developmental tasks in adulthood:
1. Build, Modify, Enhance life structure 2. Form and modify single components of life structure: occupation, love/marriage, relationships 3. Tasks to become more individuated
29
Development occurs in three broad areas. What are they?
1. Physical development 2. Cognitive development 3. Psychosocial development
30
Qualitative vs quantitative development
Qualitative: change in structure or organization (sexual development Quantitative: change in number, degree, or frequency (intellectual development)
31
Continuous vs discontinuous change
Continuous: changes are sequential and cannot be separated easily ( personality development) Discontinuous: changes can be separated which argues for stages (language development)
32
Mechanistic vs organismic
Mechanistic: this is the reduction of all behavior to common elements. (Instinctual or reflexive behavior) Organismic: humanistic approach more than stimulus response. Invoked in use of cognition. Moral or ethical development.
33
Who coined the term emotional intelligence?
Daniel Goldman
34
Propinquity
Nearness or proximity. Example: people are most likely to date someone within close proximity to them.