Human Growth & Development Flashcards
What are the 4 categories of human growth and development theories?
- Learning (behavioral)
- Cognitive
- Psychoanalytic
- Humanistic
At what age do most children show signs of self-recognition?
By 24 months (2 years) of age
At what age do children have the ability to describe inner qualities?
By around 8 years old
Who is responsible for the theory of “blank slate” or “tabula rasa”?
John Locke
What are the 4 principal neurotransmitters in the brain?
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)
Acetylcholine is important for
- Memory
- Optimal cognitive functioning
- Emotional balance and control
Serotonin:
- Affects feelings, behaving, and thinking
- Critical for emotional and cognitive processes
- Vital to sleep and anxiety control
Dopamine:
- Emotional wellness
- Motivation
- Pleasurable things
GABA:
- Helps reduce anxiety
- Promotes relaxation and sleep
Who developed the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychologist)
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Food/water to
- Security/safety to
- Belonging/love to
- Self esteem/prestige/status to
- Self-actualization
From physiological needs to social needs to cognitive needs
Behaviorism (John Watson & B.F. Skinner):
Learning and behavior changes are the result of rewards and punishments.
Classic Conditioning (pavlov)
Food - salivation, bell - salivation
Types of Operant conditioning
- Positive/negative reinforcement
- Positive/negative punishment
Reinforcement vs Punishment
Refer to chart
5 stages of Psychosexual Development (Freud)
- Oral (0-1)
- Anal (2 to 3 years)
- Phallic (3 to 5 years)
- Latency (6 to 12 years)
- Genital (12-19 years some say never ends)
Reaction formation (over compensating) Anna Freud
expressing a motive or impulse in a way that is
directly opposite what was originally intended.
Regression:
retreating to earlier or more primitive (childlike) forms of behavior.
Introjection:
the unconscious adoption of the ideas or attitudes of others.
Sublimation:
Channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or emotions into more socially acceptable behaviors.
Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Psychoanalytic theory but psychosocial rather than psychosexual
Reference chart
Jean Piaget (cognitive) argued we inherit two tendencies, what are they?
Organization: how we systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge.
Adaptation: the adjustment to the environment
What are the two processes within piaget’s concept of adaptation?
Assimilation: seeks to relate new information into old schemas
Accommodation: creating new schemes to accommodate new information that may not fit into existing schemas
What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Refer to chart