Human Growth And Development Study Flashcards
Define the following : empiricist, organic is, and psychodiagnostics
Empiricists - maintain that experience is the only source of knowledge. The doctrine of empiricism was formulated by John Locke and is the forerunner of behaviorism
Organicism - is the theory that the total organization of organism is the determinant of life processes. The Gestalt psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, subscribe to this theory
Psychodiagnostics - are a type of testing that assesses how a patient’s thinking and emotions may affect his or her behavior
Define the following: epigenetic, cephalocaudal in Vito desensitization, ethology, psychometric,
Epigenetic theory states that an individual is formed by successive development of an unstructured egg rather than by the growth of a preformed entity ( Kohlberg, Erickson, and Maslow used epigenetic principles in developing their theories of human development)
Cephalocaudal mean from head to foot ( can be used in reference to fetal development)
In Vivo desensitization is a behavior therapy technique in which a person is gradually exposed to something he or she fears
Ethology is the study of animals in their natural environment and makes use of Darwin’s theory
Psychometrics is the design, administration and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence, aptitude and personality characteristics
List the broad categories used to categorize the theories of human development and how. Growth and development changes are viewed
Learning- which includes behavioral, social learning and information-processing theories
Cognitive- which is concerned with obtaining knowledge
Psychoanalytic- which is the method of investigating psychological phenomena ( developed by Freud)
Humanistic- which explains development through reasoning and scientific method
human growth and development changes are viewed as:
qualitative- which involves a change in structure ( such as sexual developments)
quantitative- in measurable changes occur sure as intellectual development
continuous- which denotes sequential changes that cannot be segmented( for example, personality development)
discontinuous- which are changes in abilities and behaviors such as language that develop in stages
mechanistic- which places behaviors in common groups, such as instinctive or reflexive
organismic- in which stages of development use cognition and includes moral and ethical development
Describe Erikson’s eight stages of development
Erikson described human development human development as eight stages of psychosocial development. According to him each stage involves a psychosocial crisis, which must be resolved before the person can successfully move on to the next stage.
- Infancy or trust vs mistrust(hope)- birth to 1 or 1 1/2 years
- Toddler or autonomy vs shame(will)- from 1 to 2 years of age
- Preschooler or initiative vs guilt(purpose)- from 2 to 6 years of age
- School age or industry vs inferiority(competence)- from 6 to 12 years of age
- Adolescence or identity vs diffusion(fidelity)- from 12( or puberty) to 18 years of age
- Young adulthood or intimacy vs isolation(love)- from 19 to 40 years of age
- Middle adulthood or generativity vs self-absorption/stagnation(care)- from 40 to 65
- Late adulthood or integrity vs despair(wisdom)- from age 65 till death
List the three levels and each stage of Kohlberg’s theory
-Preconventional morality level is the period in which the child is influenced by reward and punishment
stage 1- obedience and punishment orientation. The child sees authority as handling down the rules on right and wrong
stage 2- individualism and exchange. The child begins to perceive that there is not just one right way
- conventional morality level is the period when the person strives to meet standards set by the family and society
stage 3- good interpersonal relationships. The person is usually a teenager in this stage, during this period the person is motivated by such feelings as love, empathy and concern for others
stage 4- maintaining the social order. The person becomes more concerned with society as a whole
-postconventional morality level is the period of self accepted principles
stage 5- social contract and individual rights. The person begins to think about what makes a good society and what any society should value
stage 6- universal principles. The person has a concern for justice and its impartial application to everyone
Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Gesell’s maturationist theory, and the behaviorism learning approach
Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist developed a theory of motivation, which he called the hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, a person must first satisfy basic needs such as the needs for food and shelter before he can turn his attention to higher needs. In order from basic to higher the needs are: physiological, security/safety, belonging/love, esteem, and self actualization
Arnold Gesell advanced the maturationist theory, which holds that development is a biological process that proceeds in an orderly and predictable manner and is independent of environmental influences
According to the behaviorism theory of learning, learning is a change of behavior brought about by the consequences of behaviors
-John Watson, B.F. skinner, and Edward Thorndike are other important influencers of behaviorism
Describe the major theme in Levinson’s The Seasons of a Man’s Life
Based on Levinson’s study with adult males that led him to formulate a comprehensive theory of adult development which he decided into four periods: Pre-adulthood, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood with major transition occurring as the person moves from each stage or period to the next.
- he believed the transitions occurred at about 17 to 22 years as the person moved into early adulthood, between 40 and 45 years into middle adulthood, and between 60 and 65 as the person became an older adult
- he identified three sets of developmental tasks
- Build, modify, and enhance a life structure
- Form and modify the single components of the life structure
- Tasks necessary to becoming more of an adult
- believed that 80% of the men he studied experienced midlife crisis during the transition personified into middle adulthood, as they questioned their life structure( including career)
Describe the basic precepts of the psychoanalytic and psychosexual development theory
Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychoanalytical theory postulates that all humans have instincts to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and warmth. Satisfaction of these instincts produces pleasure and leads to the development of sexual drives
- the two basic drives are sexual and aggression or life and death
Freud divided human development into five stages
1. Oral( birth to 18 months)
2. Anal( 2 to 3 years)
3. Phallic(3 to 5 years)
4. Latency(6 topuberty)
5. Genital(puberty to adulthood)
Explain how the ego and id interact and state the theories based on the idand ego
The id is the component of the personality most concerned with primitive instincts such as hunger, sex, and aggression. The I’d is not concerned with the consequences of actions.
The ego is the personality component responsible for balancing the id and the superego( or conscience). The ego has most immediate control over behavior and is most concerned with external reality
The id and ego, along with the superego are one part of Freud’s theory of personality. Based on the reality principle, the ego meets the needs of the is while taking the child’s reality into consideration
List the key components of Jean Piaget’s theory of development
Jean Piaget described the cognitive development of children using these key concepts:
- schemas include both the categories of knowledge and the process bu which knowledge is obtained. And change as new experiences add to knowledge
- assimilation is the adding of new information to exciting schemas
- accommodation is changing existing schemas to fit new information and experiences
Piaget called the balance between assimilation and accommodation equilibration
Describe the concepts of centra toon, egocentrism, epistemology, and symbolic schema
Centration- ( Piaget’s preoperational stage) is the focusing on one feature of an object while ignoring the rest of the object ( seeing an alligator’s teeth but not its eyes or nose)
Egocentrism- (preoperational stage) is the child’s ability to see the world from only his own viewpoint
- the child’s viewpoint is current and not influenced by remembering features or details seen at an earlier time
Epistemology- is the theory of knowledge. Piaget was a genetic epistemologist and believed that children learned from their own actions and experiences with their peers that her than from adults
Symbolic schema- term for language and symbolism becomes a part of play durning the preoperational stage.
-this process allows the child to substitute one object for another ( when a box becomes a car with a paper plate for a wheel)
List the theory associated with the theories to and their view of human nature: Rogers, Berne, Freud, Ellis, and Perls
Rogers- Person-Centered- people are essentially good and under the right conditions will move themselves toward self actualization
Berne- Transactional Analysis- each person has the thee ego states of parent, adult, and child
Freud- Psychoanalysis- biological instincts are development through psychosexual stages control people
Ellis- Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy- a person’s instincts are both rational and irrational, but different reactions can be taught
Perls- Gestalt- people are whole and complete but are affected by their environment. Learning and change result from how a person organizes experience
List the theory associated with the theorist and their view of human nature: Glasser, Adler, Jung, Skinner, Frankl, and Williamson
Glasser- Reality Therapy: people have physical needs such as food and shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and be successful
Adler- Individual Psychology: people are essentially good. Birth order determines much of a person’s behavior
Jung- Analytic Psychology: people strive for self- fulfillment
Skinner- Behavioral/Cognitive Behavioral Modification: humans are machines that cannot make free-will decisions. Behavior is learned from a person’s environment and the reinforcement he received from others
Frankl- Existential: people are good and rational, and have the freedom to choose their behavior
Williamson- Trait Factor: the potential for both good and bad is innate
