Human Growth and Development Flashcards
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
What is conservation?
the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape
Who disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally and why?
Lev Vygotsky; he insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are
psychosocial
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
Erik Erikson
Robert Perry is known for
his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students
What is relativistic thinking?
Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation; there’s more than one way to view the world
Robert Kegan is known for?
adult cognitive development & the constructive model of development (people build their reality throughout their life span)
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with 4 stages. What is the correct order from stage 1 to stage 4?
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
his findings were often from observing his own children
What are the 3 C’s relating to Piaget?
Conservation and Counting both occur in the Concrete operational thought stage
What is a schema?
a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world
Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
What does epigenetic mean?
biological term that states each stage emerges from the one before it; the process follows a given order and is systematic; recently the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression
What does egocentrism mean?
a child cannot view he world from the vantage point of someone else
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
3 levels of morality
What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erikson
In Kohlberg’s preconventional stage
the child responds to consequences; reward and punishment influence behavior
In Kohlberg’s postconventional stage
a person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights
Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage corresponds to which stage of Freud’s?
initial oral-sensory stage; birth to approximately 1 year
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor…
which evolves primarily during the oral age
According to empiricism…
scientists can learn only from objective facts
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of?
Bowlby
Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality. Freud on the other hand felt morality developed from the?
superego
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
Freud’s Oedipus complex/stage…
occurs during the phallic stage and is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing…
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
In Harlow’s famous experiment, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers…
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
What is dualistic thinking?
common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong; very black or white thinking
Who created the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a smaller pitcher. A child indicates that they feel the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered what?
conservation
When does a child master conservation and the concept of reversibility?
during the concrete operations stage, ages 7-11
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
volume or mass
In what order is the mastery of conservation according to Piaget and Elkind?
mass, weight, volume (MWV)
Whose theories are epigenetic in nature?
Kohlberg, Erikson, Maslow
Who is the father of American behaviorism?
John B. Watson
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the concrete operations stage. This notion suggests
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape
During a thunderstorm, a 6 y/o child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “The rain is following me”, which is an example of
egocentrism
In Kohlberg’s conventional stage
the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and nation
Trust versus mistrust is
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first 7 stages would be reader to enter Erikson’s final/8th stage?
integrity vs despair
Did Erikson imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails a stage?
No, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative
When does Erikson’s final stage begin?
about age 60
In Kohlberg’s first/preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by?
consequences
Kohlberg’s 2nd level of morality is known as conventional morality and is characterized by?
a desire to live up to society’s expectations and a desire to conform
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is postconventional, where the individual…?
has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles…
is the highest level of morality although some people never reach this level
The zone of proximal development..?
was pioneered by Vygotsky
What is the zone of proximal development?
it describes the difference between a child’s performance without support versus that which they are capable of with support
Freud and Erikson…?
could be classified as maturationists
The maturation hypothesis/maturation theory suggests?
behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment; the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold
John Bowlby is most closely associated with?
bonding and attachment
What was Arnold Gesell known for?
using a one-way mirror for observing children; felt that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity vs stagnation
Generativity means?
the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s self and being concerned with other people
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is?
Harry Harlow
The statement “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is?
true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is?
intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-34)
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to their peers?
a 13 year old male middle school student
In Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys…
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
In adolescence:
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
In the general U.S. population:
suicide rates tend to increase with age
The fear of death:
is greatest during middle age
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general…
girls grow up to smile more, are using more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
latency
When does the latency stage occur?
between 6-12
In which Freudian psychosexual stage is sexual drive hidden and what is it replaced by?
latency; social interests
In terms of parenting young children…
boys are punished more than girls
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture, they really mean:
how much heredity or environment interact to influence development
Stage theorists assume:
qualitative changes between stages occur
Development…
is a continuous process which begins at conception
Development is cephalocaudal, which means…
head to foot
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and…
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
What is heritability?
the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors
Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage, in which…
abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction, and ability to think in terms of multiple hypotheses
Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels
6, 3
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s preconventional level?
punishment/obedience orientation; naive hedonism/instrumental or egotistic orientation
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s conventional level?
good boy/girl orientation; authority, law, and order orientation
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s postconventional level?
democratically accepted law or social contract; principles of self-conscience and universal ethics
A person who lives by their individual conscience and universal ethical principles…
has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles
In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as?
the electra complex
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
What is the visual cliff?
a device that uses a glass sheet which simulates a drop-off
According to the Gibson and the visual cliff…
by the 6th month of life, most infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent ; by 8 months of age, the child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning that they can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as?
empiricists
An empiricist view of development would be…
behavioristic
What did Harlow discover in his famous experiment?
contact was even more important than milk and that monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire-frame mothers even when both dispensed milk
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What’s the name given to this position?
organicism
In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the
sensorimotor stage
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered
object permanence and representational thought
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)
John Bowlby has asserted that
conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life…
appeared to be autistic
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, they may ____ a given psychosexual stage
become fixated at
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds this game fun because he has not yet acquired _____, which is one of the primary tasks of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
object permanence
