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NCE/Comps '25 > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

A

believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

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2
Q

What is conservation?

A

the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape

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3
Q

Who disagreed with Piaget’s notion that developmental stages take place naturally and why?

A

Lev Vygotsky; he insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention

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4
Q

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are

A

psychosocial

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5
Q

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

A

Erik Erikson

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6
Q

Robert Perry is known for

A

his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students

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7
Q

What is relativistic thinking?

A

Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation; there’s more than one way to view the world

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8
Q

Robert Kegan is known for?

A

adult cognitive development & the constructive model of development (people build their reality throughout their life span)

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9
Q

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with 4 stages. What is the correct order from stage 1 to stage 4?

A

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

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10
Q

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

A

his findings were often from observing his own children

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11
Q

What are the 3 C’s relating to Piaget?

A

Conservation and Counting both occur in the Concrete operational thought stage

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12
Q

What is a schema?

A

a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world

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13
Q

Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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14
Q

What does epigenetic mean?

A

biological term that states each stage emerges from the one before it; the process follows a given order and is systematic; recently the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression

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15
Q

What does egocentrism mean?

A

a child cannot view he world from the vantage point of someone else

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16
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

A

3 levels of morality

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17
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?

A

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

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18
Q

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

A

Erikson

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19
Q

In Kohlberg’s preconventional stage

A

the child responds to consequences; reward and punishment influence behavior

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20
Q

In Kohlberg’s postconventional stage

A

a person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights

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21
Q

Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage corresponds to which stage of Freud’s?

A

initial oral-sensory stage; birth to approximately 1 year

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22
Q

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor…

A

which evolves primarily during the oral age

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23
Q

According to empiricism…

A

scientists can learn only from objective facts

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24
Q

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of?

A

Bowlby

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25
Q

Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of morality. Freud on the other hand felt morality developed from the?

A

superego

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26
Q

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

A

Konrad Lorenz

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27
Q

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

A

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

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28
Q

Freud’s Oedipus complex/stage…

A

occurs during the phallic stage and is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur

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29
Q

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing…

A

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

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30
Q

In Harlow’s famous experiment, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers…

A

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

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31
Q

What is dualistic thinking?

A

common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong; very black or white thinking

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32
Q

Who created the first intelligence test?

A

Alfred Binet

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33
Q

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a smaller pitcher. A child indicates that they feel the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered what?

A

conservation

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34
Q

When does a child master conservation and the concept of reversibility?

A

during the concrete operations stage, ages 7-11

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35
Q

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

A

volume or mass

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36
Q

In what order is the mastery of conservation according to Piaget and Elkind?

A

mass, weight, volume (MWV)

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37
Q

Whose theories are epigenetic in nature?

A

Kohlberg, Erikson, Maslow

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38
Q

Who is the father of American behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

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39
Q

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the concrete operations stage. This notion suggests

A

one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape

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40
Q

During a thunderstorm, a 6 y/o child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “The rain is following me”, which is an example of

A

egocentrism

41
Q

In Kohlberg’s conventional stage

A

the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and nation

42
Q

Trust versus mistrust is

A

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development

43
Q

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first 7 stages would be reader to enter Erikson’s final/8th stage?

A

integrity vs despair

44
Q

Did Erikson imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails a stage?

A

No, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative

45
Q

When does Erikson’s final stage begin?

A

about age 60

46
Q

In Kohlberg’s first/preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by?

A

consequences

47
Q

Kohlberg’s 2nd level of morality is known as conventional morality and is characterized by?

A

a desire to live up to society’s expectations and a desire to conform

48
Q

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is postconventional, where the individual…?

A

has self-imposed morals and ethics

49
Q

According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles…

A

is the highest level of morality although some people never reach this level

50
Q

The zone of proximal development..?

A

was pioneered by Vygotsky

51
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

it describes the difference between a child’s performance without support versus that which they are capable of with support

52
Q

Freud and Erikson…?

A

could be classified as maturationists

53
Q

The maturation hypothesis/maturation theory suggests?

A

behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment; the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold

54
Q

John Bowlby is most closely associated with?

A

bonding and attachment

55
Q

What was Arnold Gesell known for?

A

using a one-way mirror for observing children; felt that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity

56
Q

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

A

generativity vs stagnation

57
Q

Generativity means?

A

the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s self and being concerned with other people

58
Q

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is?

A

Harry Harlow

59
Q

The statement “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is?

A

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

60
Q

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is?

A

intimacy vs isolation (ages 23-34)

61
Q

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to their peers?

A

a 13 year old male middle school student

62
Q

In Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys…

A

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

63
Q

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

64
Q

In adolescence:

A

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

65
Q

In the general U.S. population:

A

suicide rates tend to increase with age

66
Q

The fear of death:

A

is greatest during middle age

67
Q

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general…

A

girls grow up to smile more, are using more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

68
Q

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

A

latency

69
Q

When does the latency stage occur?

A

between 6-12

70
Q

In which Freudian psychosexual stage is sexual drive hidden and what is it replaced by?

A

latency; social interests

71
Q

In terms of parenting young children…

A

boys are punished more than girls

72
Q

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture, they really mean:

A

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

73
Q

Stage theorists assume:

A

qualitative changes between stages occur

74
Q

Development…

A

is a continuous process which begins at conception

75
Q

Development is cephalocaudal, which means…

A

head to foot

76
Q

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and…

A

assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

77
Q

What is heritability?

A

the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors

78
Q

Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage, in which…

A

abstract thinking emerges, problems can be solved using deduction, and ability to think in terms of multiple hypotheses

79
Q

Kohlberg lists ___ stages of moral development which fall into ___ levels

A

6, 3

80
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s preconventional level?

A

punishment/obedience orientation; naive hedonism/instrumental or egotistic orientation

81
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s conventional level?

A

good boy/girl orientation; authority, law, and order orientation

82
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s postconventional level?

A

democratically accepted law or social contract; principles of self-conscience and universal ethics

83
Q

A person who lives by their individual conscience and universal ethical principles…

A

has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

84
Q

In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as?

A

the electra complex

85
Q

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

86
Q

What is the visual cliff?

A

a device that uses a glass sheet which simulates a drop-off

87
Q

According to the Gibson and the visual cliff…

A

by the 6th month of life, most infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent ; by 8 months of age, the child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning that they can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown

88
Q

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as?

A

empiricists

89
Q

An empiricist view of development would be…

A

behavioristic

90
Q

What did Harlow discover in his famous experiment?

A

contact was even more important than milk and that monkeys preferred terry-cloth mothers over wire-frame mothers even when both dispensed milk

91
Q

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What’s the name given to this position?

A

organicism

92
Q

In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

A

sensorimotor stage

93
Q

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

A

object permanence and representational thought

94
Q

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

A

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

95
Q

John Bowlby has asserted that

A

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

96
Q

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life…

A

appeared to be autistic

97
Q

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, they may ____ a given psychosexual stage

A

become fixated at

98
Q

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

A

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

NCE/Comps '25 (10 decks)

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