Human Genome and Human Genetic Diversity

Question 1

gene families are arisen by

Answer 1

gene duplication

Question 2

what are pseudogenes

Answer 2

DNA sequences that closely resemble known genes but are non functional

Question 3

for most autosomal genes, how many copies are expressed

Answer 3

both copies are expressed

Question 4

what is allelic imbalance

Answer 4

when some genes are expressed at different levels from the two copies or are expressed from only one of the two homologues

Question 5

what is function of exons

Answer 5

determine the amino acid sequence of protein, expressed portion of DNA

Question 6

what are introns

Answer 6

initially transcribed into RNA in nucleus but removed in mature mRNA

Question 7

what process removes introns and where does it happen

Answer 7

splicing and in cytoplasm

Question 8

where is poly A sequence added

Answer 8

on 3’ region

Question 9

where are promoter and enhancers found

Answer 9

on 5’ region

Question 10

RNA splicing can result in multiple _____

Answer 10

gene products

Question 11

what is central dogma

Answer 11

DNA ——> RNA ——-> protein

Question 12

what processes are needed for mature mRNA to occur

Answer 12

capping, polyadenylation, and splicing

Question 13

what enzyme is responsible for initiating transcription

Answer 13

RNA polymerase II

Question 14

where does transcription start

Answer 14

5’ UTR

Question 15

what are the 3 types of RNA

Answer 15

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

Question 16

function of mRNA

Answer 16

copy DNA code and carries info to ribosome

Question 17

function of rRNA

Answer 17

along with protein makes up ribosome

Question 18

function of tRNA

Answer 18

transfers amino acid to ribosome where protein is made

Question 19

what codon initiates translation

Answer 19

methinonine (AUG)

Question 20

what aspect is associated with gene repression

Answer 20

DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides

Question 21

many mutations are spontaneous that happen during ____

Answer 21

normal processes like DNA replication and repair

Question 22

what occurs in nucleotide substitution

Answer 22

one nucleotide is replaced for another

Question 23

what is a missense mutation

Answer 23

single nucleotide substitution in coding region that will alter the code

Question 24

what is nonsense mutation

Answer 24

causes replacement of normal codon for stop codon