Human & Frog Integumentary System Flashcards
protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. It also compromises the skin and its appendage (including hair, scales, nails, feathers etc)
Integumentary System
Functions of Frog Skin
- protection from injuries
- respiration
- reception of environmental stimuli
- movement of nutrients and gas
frog skin side that is darker
dorsal
frog skin is
thin, slippery and moist
frog skin color varies
a. environment
b. distribution of pigment cells or chromatophores
4 kinds of pigments or chromatophores
- Guanophores
- Lipophores
- Melanophores
- Xanthophores
white colored pigments
Guanophores
reddish pigment
Lipophores
black brown pigment
Melanophores
yellow pigment
Xanthophores
2 layers of frog skin
- Epidermis
2. Dermis
Greek word epi
over or upon
outer layer of frog skin and it is stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
2 layers of epidermis
- Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Germinativum
inner layer of skin and made up of connective tissues
Dermis
2 regions of Dermis
- Stratum Spongiosum
2. Stratum Compactum
location of stratum corneum
outermost layer
structure of stratum corneum
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
function of stratum corneum
- protect underlying tissue from infection
- dehydration
- chemical and mechanical stress
outermost layer of epidermis and consist dead cells
Stratum corneum
location of germinativum
inner layer / under stratum corneum
structure of germina
stratified columnar epithelial tissue
function of germina
divide and replace constantly shed off stratum corneum of skin or skin regeneration
loose connective tissue , blood vessels, pigment cells and glands
Stratum Spongiosum
dense connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers
stratum Compactum
2 types of frog skin glands
- Mucous Glands
2. Poison Gland
smaller, more numerous, prevents from drying up
Mucous glands
larger, fewer, produce substances that can be mildly irritating or very toxic depending on the species, protection against enemies
Poison Glands
largest organ of the body
Skin
percent of skin body weight
15
fatty layer
hypodermis
functions of humans skin
- protection
- synthesizes Vitamin D
- Regulates body heat
- Prevents unnecessary water loss
- Sensory reception
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
4 types of epidermis cells
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Merkel cells
- Langerhans cells
deepest, produce keratin
Keratinocytes
make dark skin pigment malanin
Melanocytes
associated with sensory nerve endings
Merkel cells
macrophage-like dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
Layers of Epidermis
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
single row of cells attached to dermis, youngest cells
Stratum basale or stratum germinativum
spinyness is artifactual; tonofilaments resist tension
Stratum spinosum
bundles of protein
tonofilaments
layers of flattened keratinocytes producing keratin
Stratum granulosum
thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in epidermis
stratum lucidum
horny outer layer of epodermis
Stratum corneum
Four basic types of tissues
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
strong, flexible, connective tissue
rich supply of nerves and vessels
critical control in temperature regulation
dermis
cells of dermis
fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, wbcs
fiber types of dermis
collagen, elastic, reticular
2 layers of dermis
papillary
reticular
areolar connective tissues includes dermal papillaries
Papillary
“reticulum” (network) of collagen and reticular fibers
Reticular
dermal papillae lie atop dermal ridges, elevate the overlying epidermis , are “sweat films” because of sweat pores, genetically determined
Fingerprints, Palmprints and Footprints
deep dermis from continual folding
Flexion creases
collagen: strength and resilience
fibers
stretch-recoll
elastic fibers
stretch marks
striae
direction of bundles of fibers are directed
Tension lines
below the skin
Hypodermis (Gk) or Subcutaneous (Latin)
hypodermis is also called
superficial fascia
sheet of connective tissue
fascia
fatty tissue which store fat and anchors skin
different patterns of accumulation
hypodermis
3 skin pigments
- melanin
- carotene
- hemoglobin
most important
melanin
carrots and yellow veggies
carotene
pink of light skin
hemoglobin
Melanin in granules passes from
melanocytes to keratinocytes in stratum basale
derived from epidermis but extend into dermis
Skin appendages
skin appendages includes
hair and hair follicles
sebaceous or oil glands
sweat gland
nail
hard keratin, corresponds to hooves or claws,
nails
derived from epidermis and dermis, everywhere but palms, soles, nipples parts of genitalia, made up of hard keratin
Hair and hair follicles
functions of hair
warmth
sense of light touch of skin
protection
parts of hair
root imbedded in skin
shaft projecting above skin surface
3 concentric layers of hair
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
core
medulla
surrounds medulla
cortex
single layer, overlapping
cuticle
Types of hair
- vellus
- intermediate hairs
- terminal
fine, short hairs
vellus
longer, courser hair
terminal
hair growth
2mm/week
Hair loss
- thinning
2. male pattern baldness
genetically determined though influenced by hormones or environment
hair color
decreased melanin and air bubble in the medulla
color white
microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter
subaceous gland
to lubricate and waterproof th skin and hair of mammals, entire body except palms and soles
sebum
produce in response to stress as well as heat, entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia
sweat glands
mostly water in sweat glands
500 cc to 12 L/day
types of sweat glands
- Eccrine
- Apocrine
- modified apocrine glands
most numerous, open through pores
eccrine
axillary, anal and genital areas only, ducts open into hair follicles, organic molecules inn it decompose with time odor
apocrine
secrete earwax
ceruminous
secrete milk
mammary
