Human Factors

Question 1

Skill based errors

Types and prevention

Answer 1

Slips- Fail to carry out action
Perform action too soon/late
Miss step
Too little/too much strength 
Wrong direction 

Lapses- forget an action, interupted

Prevention- checklists, feedback, warning signals

Question 2

Mistake Errors

Type and prevention

Answer 2

Rule based mistakes- wrong thing believing to be right
New situation don’t know how to solve
Applying old rules to new situations
Applying wrong rules to routine

Prevention- simple and clear rules established for unusual or infrequent occurrences

Question 3

Knowledge based mistakes

types and prevention

Answer 3

Unfamiliar situation
Insufficient knowledge of system
Insufficient time to diagnose
Unexpected condition

Prevention- training, supervision, more time given, checking systems

Question 4

Types of Routine Violations

Answer 4

Cutting corners-save time/energy
Perception that rules are too restrictive, impractical or unnecessary
Belief that rules no longer apply
Lack of rule enforcement
New workers thinking violations are the norm

Cure: HSG 48 in conjunction with RA to establish CM

Question 5

Situational Violations

Answer 5

Time pressure
Insufficient Staff
Right equipment not available
Weather

Cure:
More times, right equipment, weather protections, more staff, RA, good comma

Question 6

Exceptional violations

And cures

Answer 6

Falsely believe that benefits outweigh risks and break a rule
Abnormal situations

Cure:
Training for abnormal situ
RAs
Reduction of time pressures

Question 7

Improve human reliability

Answer 7

Reward
Exercise (fitness)
Love your job (satisfaction)
Instruction (training)
Appraisal
Burden (Stress)
Like for Like (match skills) 
Energy (health surveillance)

Question 8

DesignControls to reduce human error

Answer 8

Kept to a minimum
Positive action
Immediate feedback
Stop functions (easy, clearly marked, can’t accidentally use, positioned away) 
Logical order
Type (levers vs knobs)
Labelled 
Correct language

Question 9

Display features to reduce human error

Answer 9

Attract response, flashing or noisy 
Analogue where needed
Digital where needed
Indicate normal and abnormal conditions
Away from Heat, Glare, anything distracting 
Good distance easy to read 
Consult with users