Human Factors Flashcards
What senses are used by a pilot to assess actual attitude in relation to the normal?
Sight and Balance
Flying into clouds/ areas of poor vis without suitable flight instruments can lead to…
Spatial disorientation
What should you do to avoid attitude confusion during manoeuvring?
Try to keep the horizon in view as a reference datum
Why might cockpit engine controls be coloured differently?
Reduce possible control system confusion
To avoid confusion when flying different aircraft, instrument layouts have become standardised. What order are the instruments in (T-arrangement)?
Air Speed Indicator - Left
Artificial Horizon - Middle
Altimeter - Right
Compass/direction indicator - below
What is the issue with a three-point altimeter?
They are often misread.
It’s not unusual for pilots to set a minus figure on the altimeter when setting zero on the ground when a significant pressure change has occurred
What direction is used for ‘On’ on a switch?
Up
What direction do throttles move to increase power?
Forwards
Changes in loading during manoeuvring/acceleration can lead to false impressions of attitude.
The feeling of getting pushed into the seat during a steep turn could be confused with what?
Rapid acceleration
Information, such as a frequency passed by ATC, held in short term memory, when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented, lasts for how long?
Approx. 15 seconds
Being able to recite checklists inflight without reading them is a function of what?
Long term memory
When trimming an aircraft in flight, following an attitude/power change, what does the pilot use to determine if the controls are in balance?
Long term memory
If on a flight, you believe that you see your waypoint as expected and on time. Upon closer inspection, the waypoint looks a little different from how it was imagined, but you accept there may be some differences and happy to accept that it is the planned way point despite the differences.
What is this an example of?
Confirmation Bias
You are on a long flight and as you progress, weather begins to deteriorate, causing you to descend to a lower altitude. You decide to continue the flight as you have to meet friends, despite the worsening weather.
What is this an example of?
Continuation Bias
What attitude type could describe a pilot what is resentful towards comments/advice from others?
Anti-authority
What should a student pilot do if they feel their instructor has made an incorrect assessment of a situation?
Question the decision asap
What affect may peer pressure have on a less experienced pilot?
To fly in situations they aren’t experienced enough to be in
When departing from runway 02, and upon returning given information for runway 20. What action should you take?
As for confirmation of runway direction.
Similar to 13/31
What does threat and error management require??
Task planning, Situational awareness, Decision making
What is the benefit of using a radio and listening to a lower airspace radar service (LARS) as you are passing near controlled airspace?
You can hear other aircraft in the local area to improve your situational awareness
Although you don’t want to only fly in perfect conditions, you must know your limitations.
What should you do when the wind is gusty and across the runway from the direction of buildings. A high stratus cloud base, but lowering. Others are flying, what should you do?
Concerned about turbulent wind coming from across the buildings being beyond your ability to control, ask the instructor what they think
What aid might you use to ensure that particular actions are completed through out a flight?
Checklist
Correction of aircraft attitude during flight by a practiced pilot is a…
Skill based behaviour
Regulations require a pilot with an NPPL to complete a certain amount of flight with an instructor over a certain period to maintain the licence. What are these times?
1 hour every 24 months
It’s recommended that a pilot should undertake differences training when planning to fly a type they haven’t flown before, but it is a legal requirement to move from one type of control system to another. Who is entitled to give that training?
An instructor entitled to instruct on that control type
What’s the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 10000ft Amal?
21% same as at sea level
What gas makes up the majority of the atmosphere?
Nitrogen 78%
What will the r amount of oxygen in a given unit of volume be at 5000ft amsl?
Less than that at lower altitudes (desnity is less)
From what level is it generally considered to be wise to add oxygen to the air supply of the pilot?
10000ft
What is likely to occur during unpressurised flight above 12000ft?
Hypoxia
Rapid breathing and tingling in the finger tips are signs of what?
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation may occur as a result of extreme stress. How could you treat it?
Breathing into a paper bag
If a passenger starts to cough and turn blue in the face, what should you do?
Put their head forward and thump between their shoulder blades as they are showing signs of choking
What causes barotrauma in flight?
Changes in altitude
What isn’t it advisable to do shortly before a flight, if you want to avoid painful results resulting from pressure changes?
Scuba diving
What’s the best way of equalising pressure between the inner and middle ear during descents?
Hold your nose and blow out your cheeks
What could flying in very cold conditions lead to?
Hypothermia
Following a flight in extremely cold conditions, and you find your fingers are showing signs of frostbite, what should you do?
Put your hands under your armpits to warm them
If looking into a featureless sky, the eyes will tend to focus on a point…
2 metres away
What will an aircraft closing at a constant bearing do?
Appear suddenly to grow larger as they become closer
Moving aircraft are difficult to see if…
They maintain a continuous relative bearing
What is the most effective way to lookout?
Moving the head and eyes to search segments of the sky
What impression might approaching a wider than usual runway give?
It seems closer than it actually is
If you’re used to landing on a level runway, what impression may a runway that slopes up give on approach?
Increased length
If the runway is sloping down away from the approach, what may a pilot tend to do?
Be high on approach
When leading to fly, student pilots often stare at the runway as they approach. What can this runway fixation lead to?
Loss of height perception and directional control
Why is it always advisable to wear a headset in an aircraft, even when flying solo and with no need to use the radio?
Headsets have a noise cancelling effect which can relieve stress
Flying with a poorly defined horizon can lead to what?
Loss of spatial awareness
What should a passenger do if they feel sick?
Look out if the aircraft, towards the horizon
What’s an example of a medical condition that can cause fatigue?
Thyroid disorder
Heart disease and diabetes may also be a cause
What is a symptom of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)?
Blurred vision
Weakness, difficulty concentrating, confusion, feeling sleepy, fits, passing out
What are symptoms of dehydration?
Feeling tired
Thirst, dry mouth/lips/eyes, dark yellow strong smelling pee
What should you do if suffering from an head cold?
Not fly at all
Medication can cause side effects that impair a pilots ability to fly. What should they do to reduce this risk?
Consult a doctor on any side effects that may be risky
If under local anaesthetic for dental procedures, how long should a pilot not act as flight crew for?
48 hours
What is the recommended minimum time you should wait after giving blood/plasma before becoming PIC?
24 hours
What is the blood alcohol level limit for pilots??
20mg of alcohol in 100ml
How long does it take a unit of alcohol to clear the blood stream?
60mins
How many units does an average pint of beer contain?
1-2
What’s the maximum recommended weekly intake of alcohol for both men and women?
14units
Carbon monoxide is odourless, what may an indication of poisoning be?
Slow breathing
Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tiredness, confusion, stomach pain, shortness of breath/difficulty breathing
Smokers that consume 20 cigarettes daily will be able to absorb less oxygen than non-smokers. This effect is equal to them being above their actual altitude by…
3000ft
Should you ever fly under the influence of recreational drugs?
No
What is the benefit of low stress levels?
Able to absorb new information readily
A pilot with hundreds of flight hours carrying out a local flight that they have flown many times before could be subject to?
Under arousal
What does IMSAFE stand for?
Illness, Medication, Stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating
What is the emergency phone number?
999
What should you do if you see an aircraft hanging from overhead wires?
Phone to get the power switched off
What extinguisher type must you not use for a fuel fire?
Water
If a pilot has crawled free of a wreck but has a bad cut on the lower arm, what should you do?
Apply pressure to the wound with a pad
What should you do if someone is bleeding from their ear?
Cover the ear loosely with a scrap of cloth and seek medical attention
To prevent shock developing what shouldn’t you do?
Give them food or drink
If someone burns themselves on the exhaust? What should you do?
Flood the burned area with water and leave the burned clothing in place until reaching a hospital
If someone burns themselves on the exhaust? What should you do?
Flood the burned area with water and leave the burned clothing in place until reaching a hospital
