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GED- Evolution > Human Evolution & Microevolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution & Microevolution Flashcards

1
Q

When did modern humans appear in Africa?

A

-300,000 yr

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2
Q

What significant event occurred around -70,000 years related to human migration?

A

Humans left Africa and dispersed to the rest of the world

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3
Q

What does heterozygosity refer to in the context of human genetics?

A

Genetic variation

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4
Q

Where is the richest genetic variation found in human populations?

A

Ancestral areas in East Africa

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5
Q

What caused a bottleneck in the human population size?

A

Climate change

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6
Q

What species overlapped with modern humans for up to 5,000 years?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

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7
Q

How much Neanderthal DNA do non-Africans typically have?

A

Around 3%

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8
Q

What evidence suggests that Neanderthals lived in family groups?

A

Males appeared to stay in groups and females may have moved between groups

eDNA of 14 Neanderthals revealed father-daughter relationships

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9
Q

What type of artifacts did Neanderthals create?

A

Jewelry and cave art

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10
Q

True or False: Neanderthals are considered a separate species from modern humans.

A

False

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11
Q

What is the significance of the Denisovan tooth discovered in 2008?

A

It led to the identification of a previously unknown hominin group

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12
Q

What allele did Tibetans acquire from Denisovans?

A

EPAS1 allele
(Allows them to live in conditions of hypoxia)

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The Denisovans are believed to have used _______ to disperse.

A

boats

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14
Q

What is Homo floresiensis commonly referred to as?

A

The Hobbit

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15
Q

What are key human behaviors mentioned in relation to what makes us human?

A
  • Cooperation and how we run our societies
  • Art
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16
Q

What is a major consequence of human tool use mentioned in the text?

A

Increased CO2 levels

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17
Q

What are the key concepts related to human evolution discussed in the text?

A
  • Patterns of human migration
  • Neanderthals and our relation to them
  • Denisovans and our relation to them
  • Role of introgression of genes from different lineages
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18
Q

What did the 2010 sequencing of the Neanderthal genome reveal?

A

Non-Africans interbred with Neanderthals

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19
Q

How many amino acid differences are there between humans and Neanderthals?

A

96

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20
Q

What is the estimated age range of the ‘Dragon man’ skull found in China?

A

138,000 - 309,000 years old

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21
Q

True or False: Denisovans were not sensitive to smells.

A

False

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22
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Microevolution is changes in the gene pool of a population of organisms over time.

Evolutionary events within a species or population

Microevolution plus chance events gives rise to macroevolution

23
Q

What is the gene pool?

A

The gene pool is all alleles of all genes of all individuals in a population.

It represents all the genetic variation, the ‘raw material’ of evolution, in a population

24
Q

Define macroevolution.

A

Macroevolution refers to evolution on a grand scale, including major evolutionary events above the level of the species, such as the evolution of major animal groups.

Examples include speciation and the emergence of new taxa.

25
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

Microevolution involves evolutionary events within a species or population, while macroevolution involves larger-scale evolutionary changes.

Microevolution plus chance events can lead to macroevolution.

26
Q

What are the requirements for evolution by natural selection?

A
  • Differential reproductive success
  • Genetic differences between individuals (genetic variation)

Evolution changes the genetic structure of a population or species

27
Q

What is population genetics?

A

Population genetics is the study of microevolution and involves a synthesis of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection with Mendel’s theory of inheritance.

28
Q

Who are the key figures associated with the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology?

A
  • John (JBS) Haldane
  • Sewall Wright
  • Ronald Fisher
29
Q

What can population genetics reveal about evolving human pathogens?

A
  • Antibiotic resistance in bacteria (e.g., MRSA)
  • Resistance to antiviral drugs in viruses (e.g., HIV)
  • Emerging new pathogens (e.g., Ebola virus, influenza viruses, coronaviruses)
30
Q

When did SARS-CoV-2 first infect humans?

A

The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) is 24 November 2019.

This is based on a 95% confidence interval from 6 October 2019 to 11 December 2019.

31
Q

What is the most similar coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2?

A

The most similar coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2 is from horseshoe bats, with a 96% sequence identity.

32
Q

What factors can lead to changes in allele and genotype frequencies?

A
  • Genetic drift - low population size
  • Non-random mating
  • Migration/gene flow
  • Selection
33
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is when allele and genotype frequencies remain unchanged through generations under specific conditions.

Conditions include large population size, random mating, no migration, no selection, and no mutation.

34
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Where p^2 is the frequency of the dominant allele (homozygous) and q^2 is the frequency of the recessive allele (homozygous).

p (dominant) + q (recessive) = 1

35
Q

What does f(R) represent in population genetics?

A

f(R) represents the frequency of allele R in a population.

36
Q

How do you calculate allele frequency?

A

Allele frequency is calculated as the number of alleles of one type divided by the total number of alleles.

37
Q

What is the expected frequency of heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

The expected frequency can be derived using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, considering the frequency of the disease-causing allele.

38
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that refers to random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population, particularly impactful in small populations.

39
Q

What is the paradox of variation?

A

The paradox of variation refers to the surprising amount of genetic variation found in natural populations despite phenotypic variation being easier to measure.

40
Q

How is genetic variation preserved?

A
  • Natural selection
  • Balancing selection (maintains genetic variation)
  • Heterozygote advantage e.g. sickle-cell anaemia (protects against malaria)
  • Frequency dependent selection e.g. scale eating fish
  • Clinal variation (different selective pressures across the geographic range of the population)
41
Q

What is the role of neutral theory in population genetics?

A

Neutral theory posits that many alleles are selectively neutral and their frequencies will fluctuate randomly over time due to genetic drift.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The dominant allele is represented by _____ and the recessive allele is represented by _____.

A

[A] [a]

43
Q

True or False: Alleles of a gene can be both dominant and recessive.

A

True

44
Q

How did Neanderthals and Denisovans smell?

A

Differences in perception of androstenone are due to altered neuron activity caused by two single base changes in your DNA

Denisovans = sensitive to smells associated with honey
Neanderthals = sensitive to sulphurous smells

45
Q

What does speciation do?

A

Forms a link between microevolution and macroevolution

46
Q

What can population genetics tell us about the genetic structure of wild populations?

A
  • How much genetic diversity is present in a population and how it is distributed
  • The response of the population to change e.g. climate change (change in genes)
47
Q

What are conservation genetics?

A

Low levels of genetic diversity

48
Q

How is the gene pool studied?

A

A sample of the gene pool is studied = look at one gene at a time

49
Q

What is measured in a gene pool?

A

Allelic frequency
Genotype frequency

50
Q

How is allelic frequency calculated?

A

Number of allele of one type
——————————————
Total number of alleles

51
Q

How is genotype frequency calculated?

A

Number of individuals of one genotype
——————————————————-
Total number of individuals

52
Q

When does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium apply?

A

ONLY WHEN
- large population
- mating is random
- no migration from other populations
- no selection
- no mutation (at high frequency)

53
Q

How is the genotype frequency calculated from the allele frequency?

A
  • First do H-W equation
  • Compare observed genotype frequency to expected frequency
  • Do stats test (Chi squared) to ensure differences are significant

GED- Evolution (6 decks)

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