Human evolution Flashcards

1
Q

where did all modern humans originate

A

Africa

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2
Q

where was the first evidenceof human migration

A

Greece and China
but these populations woulda died out and their lineages didnt carry on

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3
Q

when was the first dispersal of the humnas that gave rise to modern populations
what couldve caused this dispersal?

A

~70,000 years ago
left africa, through middle east into other continents

perhaps climate change, so left to find better food and shelter

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4
Q

when is our evidence for first human traces in north america and why is this now being questioned?

A

estimated ~ 12,00 yrs ago humans first travelled to NA

but, recently discovered footprints in New MExico from 20,000 yrs ago

so suggests maybe humans were there earlier

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5
Q

heterozygosity def

A

genetic variation

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6
Q

describe how heterzygosity changes with distance from East Africa

A

largest variation in Africa

as you get further away, variation decreases
cuz as people leave, only small part of the genetic pool leaves and reproduces

so you slowly lose heterozygosity as people move

see graph in onenote

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7
Q

Explain why pop size could’ve lead to human extinction ~50,000 yrs ago?

A

bottleneck of ~12,000 people
could’ve been caused by climate change

so human genetic variablity is very little

so wouldn’t have taken much to wipe them out

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8
Q

Neanderthals

A

400,000-30,000 yrs ago (about 5000 yrs overlap w/ humans)

NOT ancestors, cousins = they left africa before modern humans

lived in family groups, had relationships

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9
Q

evidence for neaderthals having human like things and idk stuff

A

worn down teeth = used as a third hand to prepare animal hides and clothes and stuff

dived for shells and made string

made jewellery - shell and tooth necklaces with holes in it that were drilled in

made cave art - 65,000 yrs ago so humans were in middle east at this time

buried their dead with flowers by their bodies

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10
Q

why did neanderthals disappear

A

we dont know lol

but their populations were very small so easily wiped out

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11
Q

what was found when neanderthals genome was sequenced?

A

humans had interbred with neanderthals

so we’re not a seperate species as humans bred to make fertile offspring

only ~96 amino acid differences between humans and neanderthals

differences between us proably arised from regulatory gene differences

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12
Q

how were the Denisovans discovered?

A

tooth found in Denisova cave, and it deffo didnt belong to humans or neanderthals
and also tiny finger bone
was dated to ~40,000 yrs ago

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13
Q

which population have Denisovan genes

A

modern populations in asia

The EPAS1 allele in tibetans acc came from the denisovans

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14
Q

what’s the evidence that denisovans used boats

A

Wallace’s line

land animals are vry different on either side, cuz couldnt travel across

so only way denisovans could would’ve been using boats

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15
Q

evidence that neanderthals and tibetans mated

A

analysis of bones found in cave showed both genomes

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16
Q

what makes us human

A

plenty of cave art
indonesian cave art when humans first arrived like 40,000 yrs ago

tools
guns
etc etc

modern = inc CO2 levels

17
Q

what is androstenone and how would it smell diff to neanderthals and denisovans compared to us

A

a pheromone
celery smell

a single base pair change changes how we percieve the smell