Fitness Flashcards

1
Q

what is fitness

A

the relative probability of survival and reproduction of a given genotype

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2
Q

what decides someones fitness

A

vaires according to environmental condissions

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3
Q

sickle cell, differences between those who are homozygotic and those who are hetero zygotic

A

homo - unwell, more liekly to get anaemia, worse symptoms

heterzygotes - less likely to get malaria so is advantageous in malarial zones

so this is possibly why unfit alleles remain

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4
Q

genetic basis of sickle cell?

A

mutation causing change in amino acid - alters structure of Hb

(CRISPR is a potential treatment for this)

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5
Q

levels selection can occur at

A
  • species
  • groups
  • families
  • individuals
  • genes

know that there are diff view on what level selection occurs at, with some people taking multi level approach

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6
Q

what’s an example of ‘hitchhiking genes’

A

genes being physically close to each other and on same DNA chain meaning they end up being swept up when another gene is being selected for

e.g. deletrious gene = cancerous gene

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7
Q

what is sexual selection

A

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

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8
Q

why might some maladaptive charateristics still be selected for?

A

sexual selection (until natural selection takes over if theres a strong selec pressure)

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9
Q

why might animals mate with others with certain charac, even if they seem maladaptive?

A

may have underlying good genes

e.g. peacock w/ colours
femal may think it shows that it has good health and no parasites
and that it’s male way of showing fitness

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10
Q

how did darwin explain neuter insects

A

insects that are sterile - e.g. in bees only queen bee reproduces

selection on family level

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11
Q

what is altruism

A

beh of an animal that benefits another at its own expense

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of fitness

A

darwinian/direct fitness = survival and production of offspring

inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness (fitness of related offspring)
aka kin selection

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13
Q

what is hamilton’s rule?

A

natural selc of genes that lead to social actions via the sharing of these genes between performer and recipient

ie rb>c

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14
Q

what is rb>c

A

c = the cost of being altruistic
b = benefit to someone by recieving altruism
r= degree of relatnedness

as long as rb>c then altruism occurs

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15
Q

how might altruistic effects occur between individuals

A

might respond to individuals with similar genotype e.g. detected by smell

more liekly when relatedness is high e.g. in social insects

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16
Q

haplodipolidy

A

when females are diplod and males are haploid

17
Q

how does haplodiploidy affect altruism

A

because offspring are more related to each other than to their parents
more liekly to help each other
cuz
genes are more likely to be passed down if helping siblings rather than having offspring

18
Q

what are some problems with the haploidiploid altruism thing

A
  • actual relatedness might be lower
    cuz queen may mate with more than one male

but ancestral form may did only mate with one male

  • many hymenoptera (ants bees etc.) are not eusocial
19
Q

diagram on relatedness in haplodiploid hymenoptera

A

icl idk what it’s on about
something to do with the male has to give all its genes to the offspring cuz males haploid
the female gives half of her genes to each cuz femals are diploid
hence offspring are 0.75 related to each other
so more related to each other than their parents or than they would be to their offspring

only stnads if female mates with one male