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evolution of behaviour and cognition > human evolution > Flashcards

human evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what 5 things make humans human?

A
  • bipedal locomotion
  • derived dentition and jaw musculature
  • larger brains
  • slower development
  • language and culture
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2
Q

why was bipedal locomotion adapted?

A

less solar radiation to keep cool, efficient for harvesting

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3
Q

where did bipedal locomotion appear?

A

in australopithecines

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4
Q

what human characteristics did australopithecines have?

A

derived dentition and jaw musculature and bipedal locomotion

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5
Q

how much smaller is an australopithecine’s brain?

A

it is 400cubic centimeters

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6
Q

were australopithecines present during the Pleistocene?

A

they were present for part of it

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7
Q

what tools did australopithecines use?

A

oldowan stone tools (chipped rock to make sharp edge)

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8
Q

what are the 4 families in the genus homo?

A

homo ergaster/erectus, homo heidelbergensis, homo neanderthalensis, homo sapiens

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9
Q

what is the paleolithic?

A

the stone age

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10
Q

what was significant about the paleolithic?

A

contained 95% of human technology

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11
Q

when was the genus homo present?

A

paleolithic to end of pleistocene

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12
Q

what were the impacts of the colder climate on homo ergaster?

A

isolations of populations and adaptations to the changing environment

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13
Q

how is homo ergaster different to australopithecines?

A

slower development, larger brain and body, more complex tools

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14
Q

how is homo heidelbergensis different to homo ergaster?

A

larger brain and more complex tools

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15
Q

what is homo neanderthalensis known as?

A

archaic humans

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16
Q

how are neanderthals different to humans?

A

shorter, stockier, larger brain

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17
Q

how are neanderthals similar to humans?

A

similar development, may have had language, hunted, cared for sick

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18
Q

where were neanderthals evolving when homo sapiens were emerging in africa?

A

europe

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19
Q

when did homo sapiens evolve in africa?

A

190-90ka

20
Q

when did anatomically modern humans develop?

A

200-100ka

21
Q

when did modern human behaviour develop?

A

upper paleolithic 50-40ka

22
Q

when were homo sapiens the only hominin left?

A

by 30ka

23
Q

how were neanderthals wiped out?

A

competition, not conflict

24
Q

what were the implications of neanderthals interbreeding with homo sapiens?

A

1.5-2.6% non-african DNA is from interbreeding

25
Q

what health issue is caused by neanderthal DNA?

A

respiratory failure risk, linked to gene cluster on chromosome 3 carried by 50% south asians and 16% europeans

26
Q

where were homo floresiensis living?

A

indonesia until 14ka

27
Q

who did homo floresiensis share features with?

A

homo erectus, may be deformed humans

28
Q

where were denisovans discovered?

A

siberia in 2010

29
Q

when did Denisovans live?

A

41ka

30
Q

what are denisovans?

A

subspecies of homo sapiens

31
Q

what did dawson do in the piltdown man hoax (1912)?

A

‘out of england’ bias, used medieval skull, orangutang jaw & chimp teeth

32
Q

what is the multi-regional hypothesis?

A

different populations of humans evolved in asia, europe, africa and asutralasia, with gene flow between them

33
Q

when did humans evolve according to multi-regional hypothesis?

A

2mya from homo erectus

34
Q

what does multi-regional hypothesis say about races?

A

they are different from each other

35
Q

when did humans evolve according to ‘out of africa’ hypothesis?

A

200ka

36
Q

what is the ‘out of africa’ hypothesis?

A

1st wave of migration from northern africa to europe 130ka
2nd wave of migration from southern africa to whole world

37
Q

how much variation do modern humans have?

A

very little compared to apes

38
Q

what implications on races does the lack of variation in modern humans have?

A
  • can’t naturally divide humans into small number of distinct races
  • members of different races not different in important ways
  • racial differences are not due to biological differences
39
Q

what effect does migration have on populations?

A

population bottlenecks which decrease genetic diversity

40
Q

where is there more genetic variation?

A

africa, which is consistent with african origins

41
Q

what is the expensive-tissue hypothesis?

A

men eat meat because it requires a smaller gut, allowing more energy for a bigger brain

42
Q

why are older men better hunters?

A

they have more skill and experience

43
Q

how do most foraging societies divide labour?

A

women forage and men hunt

44
Q

why is hunting a high risk strategy?

A

1 in 5 chance of catching prey on any day

45
Q

how do chimps and humans differ in food share habits?

A

chimps are self-sufficient whereas food share is extensive in humans

46
Q

what did food share and labour divisions favour?

A

reduced dimorphism

47
Q

what did foraging favour?

A

bigger brains and slower development

evolution of behaviour and cognition (5 decks)

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