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evolution of behaviour and cognition > conflict > Flashcards

conflict Flashcards

1
Q

how is conflict resolved?

A

aggression

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2
Q

what is the conditional strategy of conflict?

A

depends on what the other does, hawk (fight) or dove (retreat)

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3
Q

what is scramble competition?

A

scramble for scattered resources

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4
Q

what is contest competition?

A

compete for a single resource

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5
Q

what is spiteful competition?

A

compete to ensure no one else gets resources

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6
Q

what is the best predictor of warfare?

A

a high proportion of young men in the population

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7
Q

what are three reasons warfare may occur?

A
  • access to mates
  • access to resources
  • destruction of rivals
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8
Q

what is parochialism?

A

ingroup favouritsm

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9
Q

what is xenophobia?

A

outgroup hostility

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10
Q

what are parochialism and xenophobia products of?

A

cultural group selection

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11
Q

what is the path analysis to calculate relatedness (r)?

A

trace pedigree from actor to recipient

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12
Q

how much of a parents gene is passed on to offspring?

A

0.5

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13
Q

how is the probability of sharing a gene calculated?

A

product of independent probabilities and sum of separate paths

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14
Q

what does parental investment increase for offspring?

A

chances of survival

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15
Q

what is the cost of parental investment?

A

investment into other offspring

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16
Q

what are the 3 trade-offs of parental investment?

A
  • parenting energy can’t be used for other functions
  • invest in current or future offspring?
  • quality vs quantity
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17
Q

what does the r/k theory reflect?

A

the quality vs quantity trade off

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18
Q

what does ‘r’ represent in r/k theory?

A

intrinsic rate of growth

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19
Q

what does ‘k’ represent in r/k theory?

A

carrying capacity of the environment

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20
Q

what are the 2 parental biases?

A
  • adjusting level of investment
  • goal to produce grandchildren
21
Q

why do grandparents live past reproductive years?

A

to care for the grandchildren

22
Q

what is the order of grandparent investment levels?

A
  1. maternal grandmother (MoMo) MOST
  2. maternal grandfather (MoFa)
  3. paternal grandmother (FaMo)
  4. paternal grandfather (FaFa) LEAST
23
Q

what is neoteny?

A

retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood

24
Q

what does cuteness elicit?

A

parental investment

25
Q

what does cuteness act as?

A

a proximate mechanism for extracting care, it is adaptive

26
Q

what are 3 in utero conflicts with the mother?

A
  • spontaneous abortion
  • pregnancy sickness
  • competition for blood
27
Q

what are 3 post natal conflicts with the mother?

A
  • offspring quality
  • burden of twins
  • young single women and abortion
28
Q

what are ill omens?

A

offspring with deformities

29
Q

what is daly & wilson’s ‘cinderella effect’?

A

step parents are more likely to abuse and kill offspring

30
Q

what are 3 things leading to paternity uncertainty?

A
  • infant appearance
  • infanticide
  • scheduling investment
31
Q

what is selective infanticide?

A

trivers-willard hypothesis (1973)

32
Q

what is the trivers willard hypothesis (1973)?

A

invest more in males when parent in good condition and more in females when parent in poor condition

33
Q

what is chastity guarding?

A

reproductive parental control

34
Q

what are 6 reasons for aggression?

A
  • co-opt resources
  • defence
  • intrasexual competition
  • dominance and status
  • deterrence of aggression
  • intersexual coercion
35
Q

what 3 instances may cause aggression to occur in intersexual competition?

A
  • sexual jealousy
  • mate guarding
  • threatening rivals
36
Q

what did buss et al (1982) discover about sexual infidelity?

A

60% males found sexual infidelity distressing compared to 17% females

37
Q

what did buss et al (1982) discover about emotional infidelity?

A

83% females found emotional infidelity distressing compared to 40% males

38
Q

what is rape proposed as in intersexual competition?

A

a conditional mating strategy

39
Q

how many homicides are committed by men?

A

80%

40
Q

why are men most likely to kill women?

A

sexual jealousy and loss

41
Q

what is daly & wilson’s (1988) slip up hypothesis?

A

men exert too much coercive violence and accidentally kill the woman

42
Q

why are men most likely to kill men?

A

reputation and risk-taking and intrasexual competition

43
Q

what are young men most likely to be victims of?

A

aggression

44
Q

what tendency to kill did buss (2005) say men have?

A

context dependent tendency

45
Q

what did yanomamo (1967) discover about warriors?

A

successful warriors have more offspring

46
Q

what is rousseau’s myth?

A

society without violence

47
Q

who do chimps have a comparable level of lethal aggression to?

A

human hunter gatherers

48
Q

what did wragham, wilson & muller discover about non-lethal violence in chimps?

A

it is 2-3x higher in chimps

49
Q

what did wilson et al (2014) discover about chimp behaviour?

A

chimps partake in warfare

evolution of behaviour and cognition (5 decks)

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