conflict Flashcards
how is conflict resolved?
aggression
what is the conditional strategy of conflict?
depends on what the other does, hawk (fight) or dove (retreat)
what is scramble competition?
scramble for scattered resources
what is contest competition?
compete for a single resource
what is spiteful competition?
compete to ensure no one else gets resources
what is the best predictor of warfare?
a high proportion of young men in the population
what are three reasons warfare may occur?
- access to mates
- access to resources
- destruction of rivals
what is parochialism?
ingroup favouritsm
what is xenophobia?
outgroup hostility
what are parochialism and xenophobia products of?
cultural group selection
what is the path analysis to calculate relatedness (r)?
trace pedigree from actor to recipient
how much of a parents gene is passed on to offspring?
0.5
how is the probability of sharing a gene calculated?
product of independent probabilities and sum of separate paths
what does parental investment increase for offspring?
chances of survival
what is the cost of parental investment?
investment into other offspring
what are the 3 trade-offs of parental investment?
- parenting energy can’t be used for other functions
- invest in current or future offspring?
- quality vs quantity
what does the r/k theory reflect?
the quality vs quantity trade off
what does ‘r’ represent in r/k theory?
intrinsic rate of growth
what does ‘k’ represent in r/k theory?
carrying capacity of the environment
what are the 2 parental biases?
- adjusting level of investment
- goal to produce grandchildren
why do grandparents live past reproductive years?
to care for the grandchildren
what is the order of grandparent investment levels?
- maternal grandmother (MoMo) MOST
- maternal grandfather (MoFa)
- paternal grandmother (FaMo)
- paternal grandfather (FaFa) LEAST
what is neoteny?
retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood
what does cuteness elicit?
parental investment
what does cuteness act as?
a proximate mechanism for extracting care, it is adaptive
what are 3 in utero conflicts with the mother?
- spontaneous abortion
- pregnancy sickness
- competition for blood
what are 3 post natal conflicts with the mother?
- offspring quality
- burden of twins
- young single women and abortion
what are ill omens?
offspring with deformities
what is daly & wilson’s ‘cinderella effect’?
step parents are more likely to abuse and kill offspring
what are 3 things leading to paternity uncertainty?
- infant appearance
- infanticide
- scheduling investment
what is selective infanticide?
trivers-willard hypothesis (1973)
what is the trivers willard hypothesis (1973)?
invest more in males when parent in good condition and more in females when parent in poor condition
what is chastity guarding?
reproductive parental control
what are 6 reasons for aggression?
- co-opt resources
- defence
- intrasexual competition
- dominance and status
- deterrence of aggression
- intersexual coercion
what 3 instances may cause aggression to occur in intersexual competition?
- sexual jealousy
- mate guarding
- threatening rivals
what did buss et al (1982) discover about sexual infidelity?
60% males found sexual infidelity distressing compared to 17% females
what did buss et al (1982) discover about emotional infidelity?
83% females found emotional infidelity distressing compared to 40% males
what is rape proposed as in intersexual competition?
a conditional mating strategy
how many homicides are committed by men?
80%
why are men most likely to kill women?
sexual jealousy and loss
what is daly & wilson’s (1988) slip up hypothesis?
men exert too much coercive violence and accidentally kill the woman
why are men most likely to kill men?
reputation and risk-taking and intrasexual competition
what are young men most likely to be victims of?
aggression
what tendency to kill did buss (2005) say men have?
context dependent tendency
what did yanomamo (1967) discover about warriors?
successful warriors have more offspring
what is rousseau’s myth?
society without violence
who do chimps have a comparable level of lethal aggression to?
human hunter gatherers
what did wragham, wilson & muller discover about non-lethal violence in chimps?
it is 2-3x higher in chimps
what did wilson et al (2014) discover about chimp behaviour?
chimps partake in warfare
