Human diet and nutrition

Question 1

List the seven main components of a diet

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, iron, calcium, vitamins, water and fibre

Question 2

What do carbohydrates, lipids and proteins aid in

Answer 2

They are all fuels for respiration

Question 3

What are the function of carbohydrates and list some foods which contain carbohydrates

Answer 3

Fuel for respiration, Bread, potatoes, rice, cereal, fruit

Question 4

What are the function of proteins and list some foods which contain proteins

Answer 4

Growth and repair of cells and tissues, Meat, eggs, quorn, fish, quinoa

Question 5

What are the function of lipids and list some foods which contain lipids

Answer 5

Store for energy and insulation, Butter, cooking oil, cream, avocado

Question 6

What is the function of Iron and list some foods which contain Iron

Answer 6

Forms the part of haemoglobin which binds

to oxygen, Read meat, liver, spinach

Question 7

What is the function of Calcium and list some foods which contain Calcium

Answer 7

Needed to form bones and teeth, Milk, dairy products, fish, fresh vegetables

Question 8

What is the function of Vitamin A and list some foods which contain Vitamin A

Answer 8

Making a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye, Fish liver oil, liver, butter, carrots

Question 9

What is the function of Vitamin C and list some foods which contain Vitamin C

Answer 9

Needed for cells and tissues to stick together, Fresh fruit and vegetables e.g. oranges

Question 10

What is the function of Vitamin D and list some foods which contain Vitamin D

Answer 10

Needed to absorb Calcium and Phosphate

ions from food, Dairy products, oily fish

Question 11

What is the function of Fibre and list some foods which contain Fibre

Answer 11

Fibre helps the movement of food through the intestine, Wheat, oats, anything with cellulose

Question 12

What can a deficiency in iron cause?

Answer 12

Anaemia, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath and general tiredness

Question 13

What can a deficiency in Calcium cause?

Answer 13

🅱endy 🅱one Syndrome (rickets), stunted growth, pain in bones

Question 14

What can a deficiency in Vitamin A cause?

Answer 14

Night blindness and a damaged cornea

Question 15

What can a deficiency in Vitamin C cause?

Answer 15

Scurvy - spongy swollen gums, loose teeth and scaly dry skin

Question 16

What can a deficiency in Vitamin D cause?

Answer 16

Rickets caused by weak bones

Question 17

What is water essential for?

Answer 17

Water is an essential solvent,l as it allows molecules to be dissolved in it (blood). Crucial for temperature regulation

Question 18

What are the five stages of the alimentary canal?

Answer 18

Ingestion (taking food in the mouth and swallowing), digestion (breaking down food), absorption (absorbing said smaller food molecules), assimilation (using new molecules to build more in cells), egestion (pooping).

Question 19

What organs are used in the alimentary system?

Answer 19

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 20

Name the two types of digestion which occur in the mouth and stomach

Answer 20

Chemical and mechanical digestion

Question 21

Define mechanical digestion

Answer 21

Breaking up food into smaller pieces, using the teeth in the mouth (mastication) and the stomach muscles in the stomach

Question 22

Define chemical digestion

Answer 22

Using enzymes to break down small pieces of food into even smaller molecules. In the mouth, the enzyme is in the saliva.

Question 23

Which enzyme is used for chemical digestion in the mouth and what does it break down

Answer 23

Amylase is used to break starch down into maltose

Question 24

How is choking caused? (bolus, epiglottis)

Answer 24

The mass of food is lubricated by saliva and shaped into a small ball called a bolus. If this bolus goes down the trachea by mistake (epiglottis flap not blocking trachea) choking can occur.

Question 25

What is the oesophagus

Answer 25

A long pipe, connects mouth to stomach.

Question 26

How does a bolus get pushed down the oesophagus?

Answer 26

Peristalsis pushes the bolus down

Question 27

Define peristalsis

Answer 27

Peristalsis - circular muscles contract and relax, forcing food down the oesophagus

Question 28

Which enzyme is used for chemical digestion in the stomach and what does it break down and what’s special about the enzyme?

Answer 28

Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides. Pepsin works best in an acidic pH, which is why it’s in the stomach

Question 29

What two stages of the alimentary system occur in the small intestine?

Answer 29

Digestion and absorption

Question 30

Name the two parts of the small intestine and name which stage happens where

Answer 30

In the duodenum, digestion occurs. In the ileum, absorption occurs

Question 31

Which enzymes are released into the duodenum and what do they break down?

Answer 31

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, maltase breaks down maltose into glucose, lipase breaks down lipids into 3 fatty acids and glycerol and typrsin breaks down polypeptides into amino acids.

Question 32

How do the enzymes work at their optimum conditions when stomach acid is present?

Answer 32

The stomach acid gets neutralised by bile, a neutral liquid.

Question 33

What is bile and where does it come from in the body?

Answer 33

Bile breaks down fats and neutralises stomach acids to help with digestion. It comes from the liver and is stored in the gallbladder

Question 34

Name three reasons as to why villi are good at aiding diffusion of molecules into the blood?

Answer 34

They have a large surface area, thin walls, high density of capillaries and a large blood flow through them. Also, microvilli increase surface area even more.

Question 35

Name the two parts of the large intestine

Answer 35

Colon and rectum

Question 36

What stage happens at the end of the alimentary canal?

Answer 36

Egestion occurs at the end of the alimentary canal

Question 37

List the six enzymes and where they are made

Answer 37

Amylase in the saliva, pepsin in the gastric glands in stomach wall, amylase, lipase and trypsin form the pancreas and maltase in the small intestine lining