Human Development Unit 1 Flashcards
what is human development?
the scientific study of continuity and change in human beings from conception to death
The Goal of human development?
to describe, explain, and optimize growth across the lifespan
The only constant in life is change
we never step in the same river twice, youre not the same person you were a second ago
We are multifaceted beings
A. biological/physical: we are embodied beings with a complex interplay between mind and bodies
B. Psychosocial: the integration of psychological and social (relationships, identity, finding your self)
Multifaceted Beings part 2
C. Cognitive: intellectual skills such as attention, learning, ability to process information
D. Cultural: the influence of the larger environment in which we develop
Nature and Nurture
we are a product of both
We change constantly
in big and small ways
Transitional turning points
significant changes in roles/status ex. starting school, puberty, first job, leaving home
critical points
a time in which a particular experiences that have especially profound effects
cohorts
group of persons born at the same historical time and experience particular social changes within a particular culture at approx the same time
unique life events
things that can happen to us outside of our control that may cause relatively abrupt changes in your life
we are narrative beings
we like telling stories
listening to stories is how we make relationships
Ecology
scientific study of the interactions of organisms and their environment
Focus of EST
the interaction between child (nature) and their environment (nurture) produces development
Assumptions of EST
people are constantly changing
growth and development is a transactional interaction and environment
As the person grows they understand and engage with their ecosystem with more energy and complexity
3 components of EST
person
proximal processes
5 types of context
person
the person, physical, psychological and cultural attributes of a person influences their experiences
proximal processes
frequent, long term, increasingly complex activities a person engages in within a particular setting that leads to their growth
Microsystem
A setting where proximal processes occur. Microsystems consist of specific activities
Engaging Microsystems will
- be engaging and stimulating
- have warmth and reciprocity in relationships
Mesosystems
the connection between a persons microsystems
Exosystem
settings that do not involve the developing person but nevertheless effect them
Macrosystem
the sociocultural influences on the developing person. Belief systems, economic systems, and education
Chronosystem
time: developments occurs within a historical context development is effected by people, settings, activities, and culture, but also my historical events
Attachment
the close emotional tie between infant and caregiver
Freuds Psychoanalytic View
strong attachment is a product of infants biological need for food and water
Harry Harlow
infant contact study
two monkeys
one cloth, one had food
Testing attachment
securely attached infants will use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the world
Stranger Anxiety
general wariness of unfamiliar adults and situations
starts around 8 months old
Strange Situation Test
infants and caregiver in new setting
caregiver leaves
lots of emphasis on the reunion
Secure Attachment
seeks comfort from caregiver then returns to independent play, uses caregiver as secure base
interested in toys and stranger
Insecure Resistant Attachment
shows ambivalence to caregiver when the return
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
avoids caregiver when they return
ghosts them
Disorganized- Disoriented Attachment
contradictory behaviors (smile then turn away, frozen staring, ect)
Causes of Attachment Styles
- Temperament in the child
- Dynamic/relational issues in parenting
Adult relationships
Bowlby: early caregiver interactions may show insight into adult relationships
Why temperament?
- behavior simply not only due to environment
- children suffer in susceptibility to environmental stressors
- Siblings are not the same person
Dimensions of Temperament
Activity Level, Rhythmicity, Approach, Adaptability, intensity of reactions, threshold of responsiveness, quality of mood, distractibility
Difficult children
high withdrawal, low rhythmicity, negative mood, low adaptability, high intensity of emotions
Easy children
opposites of difficult children
Slow to warm children
think of people with anxiety at partys
Baumrind’s Parenting Style
parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate of parent child interactions
authoritarian parenting
high demandingness, low in responsivness
non responsive to needs of parental power
obedience, authority, and competence
Authoritative
high demandingness and high in responsiveness
clear firm standards, but child is given autonomy
respects the childs opinion
Permissive
low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
responsive to childs need d o not require the child to regulate themselves
Rejecting/Neglecting
low in demandingness low in responsiveness
no limits or monitoring of Childs behavior
focused on their own needs
the childs influence
the strongest influence on parenting is the childs behavior
Bidirectionality
the parents shape kids and visa versa
Attractiveness and temperament
more attractive kids get different treatment
same with kids with easier temperaments
Do parents matter in developing of personality
No, genes and peers matter more in the long run
