Human Development, Diversity, Behavior In The Environment Flashcards
Who founded Psychoanalytic Theory?
Sigmund Freud
What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
Human behavior is based on unconscious drives and motivations (values the importance of childhood experiences).
What is Repression?
The primary defense mechanism, involving pushing thoughts and ideas that are distressing from the Conscious to the Unconscious.
Structural Theory of Personality Development (psychoanalytic)
Id contains the most primitive portion of personality (Pleasure Principle, Libido, immediate gratification); Ego contains the Reality Principle (immediate gratification must be compromised for the realities of the environment); Superego contains conscious and ego ideal (ethical portion)
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development and what ages do they each represent?
Oral (0 -1.5), Anal (1.5-3), Phallic (3-6), Latency (6-12), Genital (12 to adult).
What is Denial?
A defense mechanism of refusing to acknowledge reality.
What is Displacement?
A defense mechanism of shifting repressed feelings to another object.
What is Dissociation?
A defense mechanism of separation from a feeling that would normally accompany a situation.
What is Idealization?
A defense mechanism that is a form of denial, making negative feelings as “all good.”
What is Identification?
A defense mechanism of modeling one’s self upon another person’s behavior
What is Introjection?
A defense mechanism of identifying with an idea so deeply that it becomes a part of that person.
What is Inversion?
A defense mechanism of refocusing external emotions onto one’s self.
What is Intellectualization?
A defense mechanism of Rationalizing/Generalizing anxiety-provoking issues to minimize pain.
What is Projection?
A defense mechanism of attributing a painful thought or idea to another person.
What is Rationalization?
A defense mechanism of attempting to provide a logical explanation to avoid guilt or shame.
What is Reaction Formation?
A defense mechanism of replacing a negative event with the complete opposite.
What is Regression?
A defense mechanism of losing an aspect of development already achieved due to anxiety causing a person to revert to a lower stage.
What is Somatization?
A defense mechanism of manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms.
What is Splitting?
A defense mechanism of disconnecting important feelings, leads to “fragmented self.”
What is Substitution?
A defense mechanism of replacing one emotion with another.
What is Isolation?
A defense mechanism of inability to experience both the cognitive and affective components of a situation.
What is Ego Psychology and Who founded it?
Heinz Hartmann; belief that individuals can adapt to their social environments and focuses on Adaption (reciprocal relationship between individuals and the environment) and the Ego portion of personality.
What is Psychosocial theory and Who founded it?
Erik Erikson; an individual’s social environment shapes their behaviors and personality. Focus on Ego Portion of personality.
Trust v. Mistrust
Stage 1 Psychosocial Development. (0 - 1). Trust developed through being loved and nurtured.
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Stage 2 Psychosocial Development. (2 - 3). Child develops motor and verbal skills that foster confidence and autonomy if nurtured.
Initiative v Guilt
Stage 3 Psychosocial Development. (4 -5). Child learns to play with others and explore. The child who is not allowed initiative will feel guilty and fearful.
Industry v. Inferiority
Stage 4 Psychosocial Development. (6 -11). Child develops a need to have mastery over tasks. If they fail to achieve this they will feel incompetent.
Identity v. Role Confusion
Stage 5 Psychosocial Development. ( 12- 18). Will create their identity through integrating the components of themself into a whole person.
Intimacy v. Isolation
Stage 6 Psychosocial Development. (20 - 35). Learns to build reciprocal relationships on many levels.
Generativity v. Stagnation
Stage 7 Psychosocial Development. (35 -50). Develop the capacity to care and nurture.
Ego Integrity v. Despair
Stage 8 Psychosocial Development. (50 +). Learn to accept their own life achievements and significant others.
What is Biopsychosocial theory and who developed it?
George Engel; human behavior is the result of interactions between biological, psychological and social systems.
What is Object Relations Theory and Who founded it?
Margaret Mahler; Focuses on an infant’s development of sense of self.
What is Attachment theory and who developed it?
John Bowlby; The earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact on their lives and development.
What are the attachment styles?
Secure (distress when separated, but assured they will return, happy upon return); Avoidant (avoid parents or caregivers, no preference to strangers); Ambivalent (distressed when separated, does not calm when the parent returns); Disorganized (no coping strategy observed)
What is analytical psychology and who developed it?
Carl Jung; Conscious and unconscious communication is critical, and can happen through dreams. There are collective unconscious called archetypes.
What is cognitive therapy and who developed it?
Aaron Beck and Alfred Adler; an individuals emotions and behaviors are a direct result of the individual’s thoughts and cognition.
What is Rational Emotive Therapy and who developed it?
Albert Ellis; Cognitive-behavioral theory also referred to as ABC Theory of emotion (Activating Event, Thoughts/beliefs, emotional/behavioral consequences)
What is Self-Psychology and who developed it?
Heinz Kohut; includes selfobjects(childs perception of others as a part of themself), empathetic mirroring (selfobject mirrors child), narcissism occurs when a child is deprived an empathetic environment
What is Gestalt Psychology and who developed it?
Fritz Perls; “wholeness.” an individual must be viewed as a whole and not a sum of parts. focuses on the present ability to control behaviors.
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget, how children organize thoughts with schemas, and learns through adaptation (assimilation and accommodation).
Piaget’s stages of development
Sensorimotor(0-2) circular reactions, sucking reflex, lacks symbolic function; Pre-operational(2-7) language, understanding of past and future, self-centered; Concrete Operational (7-11) conservation of substance, manipulate symbols logically; Formal Operational (11-15) abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking, adult like thinking
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg, believed moral development was learned through environment (not present at birth). Correlation is between moral development and intelligence/ability to interact with others.
Levels and Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional (0-9) 1. avoid punishment, 2. personal reward; Conventional (9-15) 3. gain approval/avoid disapproval, 4. follows laws and rules; Post Conventional (15- adult) 5. social mutuality, 6. individual conscience
What is Respondent/Classical Conditioning theory and who developed it?
John Watson and Ivan Pavlov, behavioral theory that an individual learns behavior through association. Behaviors are a response to environmental stimuli
What is Operant Conditioning and who developed it?
B.F. Skinner, Behavioral theory that changes in behavior are the result of changes in the environment and reinforcement by significant others.
Positive reinforcement v. Negative reinforcement v. Punishment
Positive reinforcement: reward when good behavior occurs. Negative reinforcement: reinforce good behavior by avoiding an adverse event. Punishment: decrease a problem behavior by presentation of unpleasant event.
What is social Learning Theory and who developed it?
Albert Bandura: behaviors can be changes by altering the events that occur before and after the target behavior. Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
What is existentialism?
Humans are defined by their ability to make choices. All human emotional problems can be understood as forms of alienation.
What is Family Systems theory and who developed it?
Murray Bowen. Individuals exist within a family context of subsystems and boundaries. Differentiation leads to a balance of emotion and reason, or else become Enmeshed. Disengaged family members may be autonomous but have skewed wince of independence and rigid boundaries.
Characteristics of an abusive parent
Low self esteem, feeling unworthy, experience repeated loss and rejection, dysfunctional childhood, thrust into foreign environment, isolation, inadequate support system, need to control others, financial stress, anxiety depression and personality disorders, limited education
What is Sublimation?
A defense mechanism in which a person chooses to divert their desires that are consciously intolerable and cannot be directly realized into creative activities that are acceptable.
What is Undoing?
A defense mechanism in which a person compensates for engaging in unacceptable behavior.
What is the sleeper effect?
a psychological phenomenon when the negative affects of abuse may bot be seen in children for several years
