human development & diversity Flashcards
LESSON 1 SLIDE 4, GO STUDY IT IS GOOD
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define human development
refers to a broader interpretation of development; one that takes into account social, economic, cultural and political aspects of development, to look more holistically at the quality of life
what factors does the development cable model reference? (core & 5 strands)
core = economic
environmental, demographic, social, cultural and political
where does the development cable model see limitations? x2
its lack of differentiation in the importance of the various strands
sees development through a western lens
how does the UN play a significant role in collecting measured data on development progress in countries through development frameworks (x2)?
millennium development goals (MDGs)and thesustainable development goals (SDGS)
what purpose do development frameworks serve? x2
they act as a stimulus for countries to makemeasured development improvements
they provide apathway for organisationsto improve human development
how is HDI defined? x3 components
a country’s average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living
HDI scale & value’s meanings
0-1
the higher a country’s human development, the higher its HDI value
negatives to the HDI x4
Data from some developing countries may not be very reliable and may be difficult to confirm.
The measures chosen may seem very arbitrary to some because there are other way of measuring relative qualities in health and education.
Similar criticism of GDP, that it does not measure unequal distribution within the country.
No indication in the education index about access to education for all groups in society (continuation of wealthy students through education can hide the fact that it is difficult for children of poorer families to enter primary education)
how are the different components of HDI measured? (knowledge)
a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio
how are the different components of HDI measured? (health)
life expectancy (is impacted by advancements in medicine, sanitation, nutrition)
positives to the HDI x3
There is widespread use of HDI to compare development levels and it does reveal clear global patterns.
Does not solely concentrate on economic development, and takes into consideration that there are other, more social, ways to measure human development.
Increase in education and health shows an improvement in a country’s infrastructure.
what is GDP a sum of?
the sum value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year
how are the different components of HDI measured? (standard of living)
Real GDP per capita (PPP$, or purchasing power parity dollars)
why may countries with high per capita GDP may still have low HDI rates?
The difference lies in the way national leaders set their priorities and allocate government funds.
In some nations, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few people, while the majority live in poverty.
millennium development goal (MDGs) existing dates. what were they replaced by?
2000-2015, SDGs
how many SDGs are there?
17
what is Bjorn Lomberg’s (the director of the think tank) main criticism on the SDGs?
being too broad, with such wide plans nothing significant will be done ($ used will have little effect as it will be so dilluted)
NGO “rural development” and impact on gender equality
targeted support to divorced and widowed women in south niger
women were trained to bring redundant and infertile land back into production through the land management method calledtassas (working in fields of shallow pits to improve crop yield)
how did yemen’s win of the Ashden Awards benefit minority groups (women and youth)?
the project focused on access to affordable and sustainable energy and providing sustainable income to women and youth of yemen
provides women with an opportunity to provide their families with food, shelter, medicine and other vital supplies, it allows them to have a voice incommunity decision makingand togain community respect
the gender inequality index (GII) reflects gender-based disadvantage in what three dimensions? range and meaning of the final values
reproductive health
empowerment
the labour market
it ranges from 0, where women and men fare equally, to 1, where one gender fares as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions
lesson 02, last 3 slides of videos
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how are indigenous people defined?
having a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory, and their cultural or historical distinctiveness from other populations that are often politically dominant
case study of a non-profit org partnering with indigenous communities– what do they work towards?
cultural survival– partners with Indigenous communities to advance Indigenous Peoples’ rights and cultures worldwide
what does the group “100 black men” aim to combat? how does it do this?
negative media representation of the black community through positive examples and positive actions and experiences
delivering programmes and activities focused on mentoring, education, economic empowerment, and health & wellness
define social entrepreneurship
an approach by individuals, groups, start-up companies or organisations, in which they develop, fund and implement innovative solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues
examples of social entrepreneurship x3
microfinanceinstitutions
educational programs
providing banking services in disadvantaged areas
who does microfinance target?
people who ordinarily would not be able to access credit through the conventional banking system
lesson 04, slide 04
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define microfinance (alsocalledmicrocredit)
a type of banking service provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who otherwise would have no other access to financial services
characteristics of loans through microfinance x3
loans are smaller amounts of $
loans are going directly to the need
the lender understands and supports the borrowers’ business requirements for the loan
2 major categories of microfinance
solidarity groups & community-based organisations
the solidarity group model became famous through what group?
grameen bank (dr. muhammad yunus)
in latin america, the solidarity group model is used, what was changed about it?
rather than address differentsocial challenges, they chose instead to focus more onbasic credit provision (to retain loan approval and administration, using the already-existing operational systems developed for individual lending)
how are CBOs different from solidarity groups?
they assumeeventual graduationof their borrowers away from the lending institution towardsfinancial independence
what did the grameen bank focus on?
social injustice, especially towards women (in bangladesh). 97% of its almost 10 million borrowers are women. it also has a pay back rate of 98, much higher than other traditional banks
what does hopeline institute focus on?
(in ghana) assist the marginalized,especially women, through microfinance and much needed education in entrepreneurial skill development, micro insurance and preventive health training
microfinance criticisms x4
definition is sometimes misused for credit institutions
high dependancies
diminishes existing informal safety nets
may promote economic inefficiency (copycat businesses arise causing competition)
define alternative trading network
(usually) a non-governmental organisation (NGO), or social enterprise business and they are synonymous with the Fairtrade movement
what is the purpose of fairtrade?
to contribute to the alleviation of poverty in developing regions of the world by establishing a system of trade that allows marginalized producers in developing regions to gain access to developed markets
what does fairtrade international do?
operates a global system that connects farmers and workers from developing countries with consumers and businesses across the world with the aim to change trade for the better
where does fairtrade premium revenue go to?
is paid into theproducing communitiesand is used to fundcommunity based development projectsor business operations
watch a video on the rana plaza disaster in dhaka & ACCORD
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what does ABInbev (largest global beer brewer) aim to achieve in 2025 x5
all direct farmers will be skilled, connected & financially empowered
all communities in water stress with have improved water availability/quality
all packaging is returnable/made mostly with recycled materials
all bought electricity will be from renewable energy
25% cut in carbon emissions across entire supply chain
5 main driving factors which influence global culture
TNCs
global media
pop culture
urbanisation
migration/tourism
define cultural imperialism
the use of economic and political power to exalt and spread the values and habits of a foreign culture at the expense of a native culture
define cultural hybridity
occurs when a new culture develops, whose traits combine two or more different sets of influences
what is the planetary pressures-adjusted human development index (PHDI)?
a metric that adjusts the Human Development Index to account for a country’s environmental impact (co2 emissions and material footprint per capita)
define glocalization
the way products or services are designed to benefit a local market while at the same time being developed and distributed on a global level
define cultural landscape
a geographic area (including the cultural and natural resources as well as the flora and fauna therein – whether native or domestic) associated with a historic event, activity, or person exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values
what are the 4 types of cultural landscapes? & definitions
historic sites (In addition to buildings, the historic landscape embraces a broad and complex assemblage of interrelated natural and cultural features that establish the essential fabric for many historic sites, districts, neighbourhoods, communities, and even entire regions.)
historic designed landscapes (A designed landscape isan area of land which has been modified by people for primarily aesthetic effect. The term is used by historians to denote various types of site, such as gardens, parks, cemeteries, and estates. Such sites are often protected for their historic or artistic value.)
historic vernacular landscapes (AVernacular Landscapeis a cultural landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or occupancy shaped that landscape.)
ethnographic landscapes (landscapes containing a variety of natural and cultural resources thatassociated peoples define as heritage resources.)
define globalized production
the interconnection of three industrial sectors, namely the extraction, production and design & marketing
define populism
a range of political stances that tend to link an ideology to ‘the people’ and often juxtapose this idea against ‘the elite’, of society
define illiberalism
a governing system in which although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power
define trade liberalization
the removal oftrade barriers, such astariffson imports,taxeson exports,government subsidiesandsupport mechanismsandnegative conditionsorrestrictionsthat make trade less favourable
define resource nationalism
the tendency of governments to assert control over natural resources located on their territory
define civil society
an ecosystem of organized and organic social and cultural relations, which exists between the state, business and family
watch a video on civil society “freedom house”
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watch a video on the arab spring
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watch a video on amnesty international
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