global resource consumption & security Flashcards
define absolute/extreme poverty
the lack of sufficient resources with which to keep body and soul together, very difficult for survival
what is the world bank’s monetary definition of absolute poverty? what is it now?
$1.90 a day as the benchmark
now defined as $2.15
define relative poverty, what is it concerned with?
income or resources in relation to the average, concerned with the absence of the material needed to participate fully in accepted daily life
what is the “nexus”?
the triangle of interactions/relationships between water, food & energy within a country
define social exclusion
a shorthand label for what can happen when individuals or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems
examples of problems individuals can face within social exclusion (list a few)
unemployment
poor skills
low incomes
poor housing
high crime environments
bad health
family breakdown
define biocapacity
the land and water to provide resources for humanity
define ecological footprint
the hypothetical area of land required by a society, a group or an individual to fulfill all their resource needs and assimilate all their waste
what is ecological footprint measured in?
global hectares (gha)
define energy security
access to clean, reliable & affordable energy sources for cooking, heating, lighting, communications and productive uses
define food security
availability and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
define virtual/embedded water
the way in which water is transferred from one country to another through its exports
define water security
continuing access to safe drinking water and sanitation
what is SDG #1?
no poverty
define GNI
gross national income
causes of a growth in the middle class x6
increased investment in education of children
decrease in fertility rate
decrease in population growth rates
increase in average carbon footprint per person
increased national economic growth
globalization (eg. TNCs employing ppl)
world data lab expects how many people to join the global middle class in 2024? what continent will have the majority?
113 million, asia (carrying 91 million)
the ecological footprint measures ___________ compared to _____________
how fast we consume resources and generate waste, compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources
what does a water footprint measure?
how much water is used in human activities
drivers of soil degradation x4
population growth (urban expansion) (industrialization)
unsustainable agriculture
deforestation
climate change
threats of soil degradation x5
soil organic carbon loss
biodiversity loss
salinization
structural issues (compacting, erosion)
nutrient imbalance
related consequences of soil degradation x7
ecosystem/landscape deterioration
food insecurity (quantity & quality)
poverty
migration
flooding
enhancing climate change
desertification
define soil degradation
a severe reduction in the quality of soils. (includes soil erosion, salinization and soil exhaustion (loss of fertility))
4 types of soil degradation
erosion, chemical, physical and biological
when does atmospheric deposition occur?
when pollutants are transferred from the air to the earth’s surface
who are the 3 top oil PRODUCERS?
USA, saudi & russia
who has the 3 biggest crude oil RESERVES?
venezuela, saudi, canada
oil consumption in the world is dominated by what? explain
economic development
industrialized economies exert the largest demand for it. powerful consumer economies, such as europe and the US have high demand
the three largest producers of natural gas are ??
usa, russia & iran
watch video on oil and gas
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watch slides 15 and 16 of l7
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what is the pessimistic view on how a growing population is going to affect resources led by?
thomas malthus’s essay, on theprinciple of population
malthusian definition: what is a negative check?
These are measures taken by humans to reduce shortages. This might be reducing population through better family planning and possibly anti-natalist policies. Or it could be reducing waste e.g. through better recycling.
malthusian definition: what is a positive check?
Despite their name, they are actually more negative solutions to resource shortages. These might be fighting and war or massive famines which actually reduce the overall population and therefore demand.
watch a video on malthusian theory
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watch a video on the club of rome model
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anti-malthusian is often aligned with what perspective?
boserup’s optimism
what does boserup’s optimism suggest?
that humans will always find solutions to shortages
define resource stewardship
a concept that suggests that humans can use resources in such a way that they will be available to future generations
define circular economy
a framework for an economy that is restorative and regenerative by design” to go from linear to circular, like an ecosystem
what is the tragedy of the commons?
term is used to explain how the lack of control over the way that common resources are used and how selfish acts of a few countries/individuals can destroy the resource for others
(a theoretical situation which explains the tendency to over-exploit shared resources)
3 key aspects of a circular economy
reusing, recycling and repurposing products
higher quality and longer lasting products
repairing products rather than dumping sold ones