Human Development & Behavior Flashcards
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget; 0-2yrs; object permanence
Preoperational Stage
Piaget; 2-7yrs; use of language and other symbols, limited by egocentrism, belief that inanimate objects have intentions and feelings, centration (attend to one aspect of a problem/situation at a time), magical thinking
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget; 7-11yrs; mental operations (imagining consequences), perspectivism (relationships remain the same despite physical or social changes), conservation (quantity doesn’t change even if it is altered - poured, pulled, squished, etc.)
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget; 11+; abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, renewed egocentrism
Id
Freud; present at birth, represents primal urges/needs, pleasure principal
Ego
Freud; emerges at 6 months, reality principal, realistic and rational, mediates desires of id and superego
Superego
Freud; moral conscience
Oral Stage
Freud; 0-12months; focus is on mouth, weaning, fixation can result in personality that is: dependent, passive, manipulative, sarcastic–all orally focused traits
Anal Stage
Freud; 1-3 years; hold-on/let-go, toilet training, fixation can result in personality that is: anal-retentive (stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior) or anal-expulsive (cruelty, destructiveness, messiness)
Phallic Stage
Freud; 3-6 years; Oedipal/Electra conflict, identification with same-sex parent, fixation can result in personality that sexually exploits others
Latency Stage
Freud; 6-12 years; reduced libidinal energy, focus is on social skills and academics
Genital Stage
Freud; 12+ years; libido and affection combine to produce mature sexual relationships
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson; Infancy; dependent on others, sense of trust and optimism
Autonomy vs. Shame
Erikson; Toddler; toilet training, mastery over motor skills (e.g. walking)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson; Early Childhood; role experimentation, ability to set goals
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson; School-age; mastery of social and academic skills
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson; Adolescent; development of independence, sense of belonging and purpose
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson; Young Adult; capacity for commitment
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson; Middle Age; midlife crisis, commitment to future generations
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson; Elderly; views own life with value
Introjection
Defense Mechanism; ascribing the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others to oneself
Reaction Formation
Defense Mechanism; avoiding an anxiety-evoking impulse by actively expressing the opposite
Displacement
Defense Mechanism; Redirecting an anxiety-evoking impulse to a less threatening target
Sublimation
Defense Mechanism; acting out socially unacceptable impulses in socially acceptable ways
Overcompensation
Defense Mechanism; concealing perceived deficiencies in one area by excelling in another
Entropy
Systems Theory; state of disorganization. Occurs when an open system closes, resulting in the imbalance of the flow of energy between the system and its environment
Feedback (Systems Theory)
Used to regulate the exchange of energy between a system and its environment; negative feedback RESTORES or MAINTAINS the homeostasis of the system, positive feedback UPSETS the system’s homeostasis
Reinforcement (Skinner)
Consequence that causes behavior to INCREASE
Ex Bx: Completing chores
Positive reinforcement (reward) - toy prize
Negative reinforcement (escape) - Get yelled at less by parent
Punishment (Skinner)
Consequence that causes a behavior to DECREASE
Ex Bx: Hitting sibling
Positive punishment (punishment) - spanking
Negative punishment (penalty) - lose opportunity to go on field trip
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease or eliminate that behavior
Separation Anxiety (Typical)
begins around 6 months, most intense at 15-18 months, then declines
Stranger Anxiety (Typical)
begins around 8 months, continues through age 2, normal
Stages of Group Development
Forming > Storming > Norming > Performing > Adjourning
Preconventional Morality Level
Kohlberg;
Punishment and Obedience Stage: Driven by consequences
Instrumental Hedonism Stage: driven by wants and needs
Conventional Morality Level
Kohlberg;
Good boy/good girl stage: driven by the approval of others
Law and order stage: adherence to rules and laws
Postconventional Morality Level
Kohlberg;
Morality of contact: right action is consistent with democratically determined laws
Morality of Conscience: decisions are based on universal ethical principles
Stages of Grief
Kubler-Ross; Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
How long do crises last?
6-8 weeks
Stages of Crisis
- Hazardous event
- Vulnerable State
- Precipitating Factor
- Active Crisis State
- Reintegration
Hazardous Event
1st Stage of Crisis; stressful event that disrupts a person’s equilibrium
Vulnerable State
2nd Stage of Crisis; The stressful event is perceived as a threat, loss or challenge. There is an increase in tension as coping strategies are employed yet disequilibrium persists
Precipitating Factor
3rd Stage of Crisis; Triggers a crisis “the last straw”
Active Crisis State
4th Stage of Crisis; disequilibrium, physical and psychological agitation, impaired functioning, anxiety, depression, and preoccupation with the crisis event
