Human Development And Behavior

Question 1

• Oral (0 to 12 months)-Source of satisfaction is mouth (sucking, chewing). Primarily conflict is weaning. Fixation at this stage produces dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm or other oral fixations (like overeating).
• Anal (1 to 3 years)-Source of satisfaction is anal region (expulsion and retention feces). Primary conflict is toilet training. Fixation at this stage produces anal retentiveness, stinginess, selfishness, obsessive-compulsive behavior or anal expulsiveness (cruelty, messiness).
• Phallic (3 to 6 years)-Source of satisfaction is genital region (masturbation). Primary conflicts are the Oedipus/Electra complexes. Fixation produces a phallic character (sexual exploitation of others). Successful conflict resolution produces identification with same-sex parent and develops the superego.
• Latency (6 to 12 years)-During this phase the emphasis is on developing social skills rather than sexuality.
• Genital (12 years and older)- Sources of satisfaction are genitals (sexual intercourse). Sexuality becomes focused in mature, genital love and adult sexual satisfaction.

Answer 1

Freud stages of psychosocial development

Question 2

• Oral-sensory (0 to 12 )-Conflict is trust versus mistrust. The significant relationship in this phase is with the primary caretaker. If successfully mastered this phase leads to trust and optimism.
• Muscular-anal (12 to 36 months)-Conflict in autonomy versus shame. The significant relationship during this phase is with the parents. Is successfully mastered this phase leads to self-assertion, self-control, feelings of adequacy.
• Locomotor-genital (3 to 6 years)-Primary conflict is initiative versus guilt. The significant relationship is with the family. Successful mastery leads to a sense of initiative, purpose and direction.
• Latency (6 to 12 years)-Primary conflict is industry versus inferiority. Significant relationships are with the school and the neighborhood. Successful mastery leads to productivity and confidence in physical, intellectual, and social skills.
• Adolescence-Primary conflict is ego identity versus role confusion. Significant relationships are with peers and leadership models. Successful mastery leads to an integrated sense of self and unique person.
• Early adulthood-Conflict is intimacy versus isolation. Significant relationships are with partners in friendship and partners in sex. A favorable outcome of this phase would produce the ability to form close personal relationships and to make career commitment.
• Middle adulthood-Conflict is generativity versus stagnation. Significant relationships are with shared labor and household. Successful mastery leads to concern for future generations.
• Maturity-Conflict is integrity versus despair. Relationship is with “mankind”. Mastery leads to a sense of satisfaction with one’s life and ability to face death without despair.

Answer 2

Ericksons stage of psychosocial development

Question 3

• Level one= Preconventional morality (4-10 years)- Individual goes through stage one which is the punishment-obedience orientation. Moral judgment is based on the desire to avoid punishment. Stage II is the instrumental-relativist orientation in which the individual is motivated by the desire to satisfy own needs.
• Level II = Conventional morality (10 to 13 years)-Individual goes through stage III “Good boy nice girl” orientation. In this stage the individual is motivated by the desire to avoid dislike or disapproval by others. Stage IV, or the law and order orientation is the phase in which the individuals moral judgments are based on a desire to avoid censure by a legitimate authority.
• Level III = Postconventional morality (adolescence to adulthood not reached by most adults). Individual Goes through stage 5 or the legalistic orientation. Here the individual is concerned with maintaining the respect of equals and the community, maintaining social order, and obeying democratically-determined laws. In stage 6, the Universal Ethical principles orientation, the individuals own conscious is the only criterion for moral Conduct.

Answer 3

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Question 4

• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)-This is the time prior to the acquisition of language. Here, schemas of action, or generalized responses that can solve a variety of problems, predominate. A child can learn by assimilation (incorporating new objects into existing schemas) or accommodation (adjusting schemas to fit new objects). Therefore intellectual growth is categorized by adaptation to new situations. The successful mastery of this phase leads to the development of the concept of object permanence or (object ).
• Preoperational stage ( 1.5-7 years)-This phase is the first in what which the meaning of objects and events are manipulated. Schemas now consists of symbolic units. Therefore an object (like a stick) can be treated of a symbol of something else (like ). From 2 to 4 years the child is the pre-conceptual subphase. From ages 4 to 7 the child is in the intuitive subphase. Important concepts in this phase are egocentrism (cannot take another’s perspective into account); animism; centration (focusing on one aspect of an object or situation); and irreversibility.
• Concrete operational (7 to 11 years)-The child now has mental representations of series of actions. The child can conserve (knows that one cup of water is the same amount whether it is poured into a tall, thin cylinder or short squat cylinder). The child understands relational terms (darker, shorter, thinner). The child can serialize (arrange things by shape, color etc.)
• Formal operational (11 years and older)-The adolescent thinks abstractly and in relative terms. The adolescent can think hypothetically and can engage in deductive reasoning. The adolescent shows renewed egocentrism (evidenced by self-consciousness, self criticism and self admiration)

Answer 4

Piaget’s theory of intellectual development