Human Development

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

change in human capabilities throughout the life course

Question 2

Cross-sectional Designs

Answer 2

A number of people are assessed at one point in time

deals with age differences

Question 3

Cohort Effects

Answer 3

Differences between individuals that stem from the historical and social time period in which they were born and developed

(differing experiences)

Question 4

Longitudinal Study

Answer 4

Assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period

Question 5

What are developmental psychologists interested in?

Answer 5

Understanding how nature and nurture contribute to development

Question 6

Nature

Answer 6

A person’s biological inheritance

Question 7

Nurture

Answer 7

A person’s environmental and social experiences

Question 8

Genotype

Answer 8

A person’s genetic heritage-actual genetic material

Question 9

Phenotype

Answer 9

A person’s observable characteristics

Question 10

What contributions does phenotype show?

Answer 10

Nature (genetic heritage) and Nurture (environment)

Question 11

Cognitive Development

Answer 11

Thought, Intelligence, and Language processes change as people mature.

Question 12

Cognition

Answer 12

Operation of thinking, cognitive skills and abilities

Question 13

Schemas

Answer 13

Make sense of an experience. They are a mental framework that organize information and provide a structure for interpreting it.

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

Individuals incorporate new information into existing schemas. When faced with a new experience, the person applies old ways of doing things.

Question 15

Accommodation

Answer 15

Individuals change schemas in response to new experience. New experiences lead to changes in existing schemas or even the development of new schemas.

Question 16

Temperament

Answer 16

Behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding

Question 17

Socioemotional Processes

Answer 17

Involve changes in an individual’s social relationships, emotional life, and personal qualities.

Question 18

Effortful Control or Self-Regulation

Answer 18

Controlling arousal and not being easily agitated.

Question 19

Inhibition

Answer 19

Being shy and showing distress in an unfamiliar situation

Question 20

Negative Affectivity

Answer 20

Tending to be frustrated or sad

Question 21

Infant Attachment

Answer 21

Close emotional bond between an infant and his/her caretaker

Question 22

John Bowlby theorized that _________

Answer 22

the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment.

Newborn’s come into the world equipped with the ability to stimulate the caregiver to respond; it cries, clings, coos, and smiles.

Early relationships with caregivers are internalized and serve as our schemas for sense of self and the social world.

Question 23

Moral Development

Answer 23

consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

Question 24

John Money believed that __________

Answer 24

socialization was the main determinant of gender

Question 25

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death

Answer 25

``` Denial Acceptance Bargaining Anger Depression ```

Question 26

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns.

Answer 26

Resilience Delayed grief or trauma Recovery Chronic dysfunction

Question 27

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 27

behavior that is intended to benefit other people

Question 28

Terror Management Theory

Answer 28

indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

Question 29

Motivation

Answer 29

the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

Question 30

Evolutionary Approach to Motivation

Answer 30

emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

Question 31

The Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are _____

Answer 31

Moderately Aroused

Question 32

The basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _____

Answer 32

people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs

Question 33

Self Determination Theory

Answer 33

Three basic organismic needs; competence, relatedness, and autonomy

Question 34

Valence

Answer 34

The pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion

Question 35

Display Rules

Answer 35

sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.