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Psychology > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

change in human capabilities throughout the life course

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2
Q

Cross-sectional Designs

A

A number of people are assessed at one point in time

deals with age differences

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3
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Differences between individuals that stem from the historical and social time period in which they were born and developed

(differing experiences)

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4
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period

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5
Q

What are developmental psychologists interested in?

A

Understanding how nature and nurture contribute to development

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6
Q

Nature

A

A person’s biological inheritance

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7
Q

Nurture

A

A person’s environmental and social experiences

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8
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genetic heritage-actual genetic material

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

A person’s observable characteristics

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10
Q

What contributions does phenotype show?

A

Nature (genetic heritage) and Nurture (environment)

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11
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Thought, Intelligence, and Language processes change as people mature.

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12
Q

Cognition

A

Operation of thinking, cognitive skills and abilities

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13
Q

Schemas

A

Make sense of an experience. They are a mental framework that organize information and provide a structure for interpreting it.

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14
Q

Assimilation

A

Individuals incorporate new information into existing schemas. When faced with a new experience, the person applies old ways of doing things.

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

Individuals change schemas in response to new experience. New experiences lead to changes in existing schemas or even the development of new schemas.

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16
Q

Temperament

A

Behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding

17
Q

Socioemotional Processes

A

Involve changes in an individual’s social relationships, emotional life, and personal qualities.

18
Q

Effortful Control or Self-Regulation

A

Controlling arousal and not being easily agitated.

19
Q

Inhibition

A

Being shy and showing distress in an unfamiliar situation

20
Q

Negative Affectivity

A

Tending to be frustrated or sad

21
Q

Infant Attachment

A

Close emotional bond between an infant and his/her caretaker

22
Q

John Bowlby theorized that _________

A

the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment.

Newborn’s come into the world equipped with the ability to stimulate the caregiver to respond; it cries, clings, coos, and smiles.

Early relationships with caregivers are internalized and serve as our schemas for sense of self and the social world.

23
Q

Moral Development

A

consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.

24
Q

John Money believed that __________

A

socialization was the main determinant of gender

25
Q

Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death

A 
Denial 
Acceptance
Bargaining
Anger
Depression
26
Q

Bonanno’s theory of grieving identifies four different patterns.

A

Resilience
Delayed grief or trauma
Recovery
Chronic dysfunction

27
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

behavior that is intended to benefit other people

28
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

29
Q

Motivation

A

the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.

30
Q

Evolutionary Approach to Motivation

A

emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.

31
Q

The Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are _____

A

Moderately Aroused

32
Q

The basic premise of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that _____

A

people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs

33
Q

Self Determination Theory

A

Three basic organismic needs; competence, relatedness, and autonomy

34
Q

Valence

A

The pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion

35
Q

Display Rules

A

sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Psychology (5 decks)

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