Human Development Flashcards
Development
change in human capabilities throughout the life course
Cross-sectional Designs
A number of people are assessed at one point in time
deals with age differences
Cohort Effects
Differences between individuals that stem from the historical and social time period in which they were born and developed
(differing experiences)
Longitudinal Study
Assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period
What are developmental psychologists interested in?
Understanding how nature and nurture contribute to development
Nature
A person’s biological inheritance
Nurture
A person’s environmental and social experiences
Genotype
A person’s genetic heritage-actual genetic material
Phenotype
A person’s observable characteristics
What contributions does phenotype show?
Nature (genetic heritage) and Nurture (environment)
Cognitive Development
Thought, Intelligence, and Language processes change as people mature.
Cognition
Operation of thinking, cognitive skills and abilities
Schemas
Make sense of an experience. They are a mental framework that organize information and provide a structure for interpreting it.
Assimilation
Individuals incorporate new information into existing schemas. When faced with a new experience, the person applies old ways of doing things.
Accommodation
Individuals change schemas in response to new experience. New experiences lead to changes in existing schemas or even the development of new schemas.
Temperament
Behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding
Socioemotional Processes
Involve changes in an individual’s social relationships, emotional life, and personal qualities.
Effortful Control or Self-Regulation
Controlling arousal and not being easily agitated.
Inhibition
Being shy and showing distress in an unfamiliar situation
Negative Affectivity
Tending to be frustrated or sad
Infant Attachment
Close emotional bond between an infant and his/her caretaker
John Bowlby theorized that _________
the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment.
Newborn’s come into the world equipped with the ability to stimulate the caregiver to respond; it cries, clings, coos, and smiles.
Early relationships with caregivers are internalized and serve as our schemas for sense of self and the social world.
Moral Development
consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.
John Money believed that __________
socialization was the main determinant of gender
Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death
Denial Acceptance Bargaining Anger Depression
Bonanno’s theory of grieving identifies four different patterns.
Resilience
Delayed grief or trauma
Recovery
Chronic dysfunction
Prosocial Behavior
behavior that is intended to benefit other people
Terror Management Theory
indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.
Motivation
the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.
Evolutionary Approach to Motivation
emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.
The Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are _____
Moderately Aroused
The basic premise of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that _____
people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs
Self Determination Theory
Three basic organismic needs; competence, relatedness, and autonomy
Valence
The pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion
Display Rules
sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
