Human Development Flashcards
Antecedent
Normal biological factors Normal genetic factors Good nutrition status Healthy environment Good health status
Attibutes
Meeting developmental milestones
Meeting age appropriate developmental task
Arnold Gessell
Gessell’s theory of development
Nature vs nurture
Directed by gene activity
Hereditary
Sequential predictable and builds on earlier milestone
Environment is influential in development
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytical/ psychological theory
5 stages of psychosexual development personality
Stage 1. Oral (Birth - 1yr/18 months) Stage 2. Anal (12/18 months - 3yrs) Stage 3. Phallic or Oedipal ( 3-6 yrs) Stage 4. Latency 6-12 yrs Stage 5. Genital puberty through adulthood
Sigmund Freud
Components of personality
Id. Basic survival personality
Ego. The reason seeing what is realistic start development
Superego. Goals we can control those impulses
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial development
Individuals need to accomplish a task and master the stage before moving to the next stage
Trust vs. mistrust ( birth- 1 yr) Autonomy vs. sense of shame and doubt (1-3yrs) Initiative vs. guilt (3-6yrs) Industry vs. inferiority (6-11yrs) Identity vs. role confusion (puberty) Intimacy vs. isolation (young adult ) Generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation ( middle age) Integrity vs despair (old age)
Jean Piaget
Cognitive developmental theory
Children organization to learn to think
Period I. Sensorimotor (birth to 2yrs)
Period II. Pre Operational (2- 7yrs)
Period III. Concrete operations (7-11yrs)
Period IV. Formal operations (11-adulthood)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Moral development theory
Level I Pre conventional reasoning
PREMORAL limited cognitive thinking
Stage 1: punishment and obedience
Stage 2: instrumental relativist
Level II. Conventional
EMPHASIS ON SOCIETY
Stage 3: good boy -good girl
Stage 4: society maintaining
Level III. Postconventional
DEFINE OWN MORALS
Stage 5: social contract orientation
Stage 6: universal ethical orientation
Infants nursing intervention
Encourage interaction Teach parents to provide stimuli Acknowledge separation is difficult Encourage parental care in hospital to limit number of caregivers Be aware of developmental milestones Teach caregiver/family about safety
Toddlers
Nursing responsibility
Limit opportunities for say "no" Encourage parents to stay with children if hospitalized Read to child Teach parents importance of play Teach about child-proofing the house Let child help
Preschoolers
Practice new physical skills Let child help Encourage to talk about feelings Reassure parents that coping behaviors are normal Explore Stranger danger
School age
Allow children to participate
Independence
Parents act as role models promote self-esteem
Competence
Adolescence
Help foster independence Suicide risk Provide resources Be aware of school violence Proactive about sexual behaviors
Young adults
Understand the ethnicity race and gender
Referral
Assess support system
Middle adult
Assess life changes
Focus on wellness
Help form positive health habits
