Human Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are:
a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.
Psychosocial.
The Freudian stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) emphasize sexuality. Erik Erikson’s eight stages (e.g., trust versus mistrust or integrity versus despair) focus on social relationships and thus are described as psychosocial.
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists..
a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.
Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
Psychodynamic theories focus on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory
which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H. Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory.
Erik Erikson
Many scholars do not feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire life span. Erik Erikson, also a psychoanalyst and a disciple of Freud’s, created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Since the final stage does not even begin until age 60, most personality theorists believe that his theory actually covers the entire life of an individual.
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
a. ErikErikson.
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
c. JayHaley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.
Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four
stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
Idiographic approaches to theories such as Freud and Piaget examine individuals (not groups of people) in depth. Idiographic theories can be contrasted with nomothetic approaches such as behaviorism or the DSM where large numbers of people are studied to create general principles that apply to the population. Onward! Piaget was adamant that the order of the stages remains the same for any culture, although the age of the individual could vary.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
His findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
a. symbolicschema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.
Conversation.
In Piaget’s theory the term conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.
Volume or Mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
c. preoperations—ages 2–7 years.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
Concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c” and so does concrete operations. The other three stages proposed by Jean Piaget do not begin with a “c.”
________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson
Lawrence Kohlberg.
Kohlberg (the correct answer) is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. Kohlberg used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of
water) can return to its initial shape.
One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
Choice “d” is the definition of reversibility. The word ambidextrous, in choice “b,” refers to an individual’s ability to use both hands equally well to perform tasks.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstractthought.
Egocentrism.
By egocentrism, Piaget was not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
Three levels of morality.
Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional (the latter is referred to in some texts as the personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles level). Each level can be broken down further into two stages.
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.
b. Erikson.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
Erikson.
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
Trust versus mistrust is
a. an Adlerian notion of morality.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.
d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.
Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,
a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. identity crisis of the later years.
d. integrity versus despair.
Integrity versus despair.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
a. psychosexualurges.
b. consequences.
c. periodic fugue states.
d. counterconditioning.
Consequences.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional
morality. This level is characterized by
a. psychosexualurges.
b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.
c. a desire to conform.
d. b and c.
B and C.
At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.
Has self-imposed morals and ethics.
Postconventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. It has been called a prior to society perspective.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a. refers to the naive hedonism stage.
b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.
c. a and b.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people
never reach this level.
Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
c. emphasized organ inferiority.
d. a, b, and c.
Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky.
Freud and Erikson
a. could be classified as behaviorists.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.
d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or
DBT movement.
Could be classified as maturationists.
In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with
a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist.
b. developmental stage theories.
c. bonding and attachment.
d. the unconscious mind.
Bonding and attachment.
Arnold Gesell was a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationists such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten).
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
a. Generativity versus stagnation.
b. Integrity versus despair.
c. a and b.
d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues.
Generativity versus stagnation.
The word generativity refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s self and being concerned with other people. Some exams may refer to this stage as “generativity versus self-absorption.”
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a. HarryHarlow.
b. JohnBowlby.
c. LawrenceKohlberg.
d. all of the above.
Harry Harlow.
The statement: “Males are better than females when performing
mathematical calculations” is
a. false.
b. true due to genetics.
c. true only in middle-aged men.
d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol
Jacklin.
True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.
Maccoby and Jacklin reviewed the literature and found very few differences that could be attributed to genetics and biological factors. The literature suggests that, where males outperformed females in mathematics, they did not do so until high school or perhaps college. Thus, the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages.
b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35–60 years.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.
d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention.
Intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
a. A 19-year-old male college student.
b. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band.
c. A 57-year-old female stockbroker.
d. A 13-year-old male middle school student.
A 13-year-old male middle school student.
Conformity seems to peak in the early teens.
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
a. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother.
Infant monkeys preferred the terry-cloth mothers to wire mothers even though the wire mothers were equipped to dispense milk. Harlow concluded that “contact comfort” is important in the development of the infant’s attachment to his or her mother.
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
a. id, ego, and superego.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego.
d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
In adolescence
a. females commit suicide more than males.
b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.
c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females
attempt suicide more often.
Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
Males commit suicide more often than females. This answer would apply not just to adolescence but to nearly all age brackets.
In the general U.S. population
a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000.
b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but
rarely after the depression lifts.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.
d. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but
rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age.
Suicide rates tend to increase with age.
The fear of death
a. is greatest during middle age.
b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon.
c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric
years.
d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
Is greatest during middle age.
In Erikson’s stages the individual would accept the finality of life better during the final ego identity versus despair stage rather than in the middle-age years.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a. in the preconscious mind.
b. in the mind of the child in latency.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.
d. a and b.
Which evolves primarily during the oral age.
The oral stage is the first Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to 1 year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place early in life.
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general
a. girls grow up to smile more.
b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2.
c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at
any age.
d. all of the above.
All of the above.
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
a. oral.
b. anal.
c. phallic.
d. latency.
Latency.
In terms of parenting young children
a. boys are punished more than girls.
b. girls are punished more than boys.
c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion.
d. boys show more empathy toward others.
Boys are punished more than girls.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes.
c. a and b.
d. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner’s colleagues.
How much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
