Counseling And Helping Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ________ and ________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May
A
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Alfred Adler was the father of individual psychology, and Carl Gustav Jung (correctly pronounced “Yung”) founded analytic psychology.
2
Q
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, and phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
A
Id, ego, and superego.
3
Q
In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.
a. Adult,unconscious
b. Parent,ego
c. Parent,superego
d. Parent,id
A
Parent,superego
4
Q
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the
aggressor.
d. transference.
A
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
5
Q
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
A
The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
Some scholars refer to the ego as the “executive administrator” since it governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience). The ego is a mediator. The ego is also called the reality principle and houses the individual’s identity.
6
Q
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
A
Thanatos.
Is it Greek or is it Freudian theory? You decide. Eros is the Greek god of the love of life. To the Freudians this means self-preservation. Thanatos is the Greek word for death. Later Freudian writings use the word to describe a death wish or what is sometimes called the death instinct. Today we call specialists who study death thanatologists.
7
Q
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct
gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
A
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
The id is the pleasure principle, the ego is the reality principle, and the superego is the ego ideal. Some exams will call it the pleasure–pain principle.
8
Q
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
A
Ego.
The ego or reality principle attempts to balance the id and the superego.
9
Q
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. transactional analysis.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
A
Free association.
Free association is literally defined as instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind even if it seems silly or embarrassing. Nothing the client says is censored by the helper.
10
Q
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
a. perfection;pleasure
b. pleasure;perfection
c. morals;ethics
d. logic;reality
A
Perfection;pleasure
The superego is more concerned with the ideal and personal aspirations than what is real. The superego is composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society.
11
Q
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
A
Wolpe.
12
Q
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
A
Manifest and latent content.
According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning or so-called latent content.
13
Q
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
A
Transference.
14
Q
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Daniel Paul Schreber.
A
Little Albert.
Little Albert was a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism.
15
Q
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
A
All of the above.
Classical psychoanalysis is quite lengthy—three to five sessions per week for several years is not unusual—not to mention expensive. Psychodynamic therapy and counseling make use of analytic principles (e.g., the unconscious mind) but rely on fewer sessions per week to make it a bit more practical.
16
Q
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurateempathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.
A
Catharsis and/or abreaction.
Hard-core analysts often prefer the word abreaction to the nontechnical term catharsis. Other writers use the word catharsis to connote mild purging of emotion, and abreaction when the repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent.
17
Q
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to
topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. egoideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
A
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
18
Q
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
A
The Oedipus complex.
The Oedipus complex is known as the Electra complex when it occurs in females. Also be aware that the most important concept in Freud’s theory is the unconscious mind.
19
Q
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these
except:
a. Hypnosis.
b. Slips of the tongue and humor.
c. Dreams.
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
A
Subjective units of distress scale.
20
Q
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
A
Preconscious mind.
The preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty (e.g., in this question the memory of what transpired several months ago to trigger the client’s depression). Thus, the preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.
21
Q
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and
protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
A
Ego defense mechanisms.
The id strives for immediate satisfaction, while the superego is ready and willing to punish the ego via guilt if the id is allowed to act on such impulses. This creates tension and a certain degree of pressure within the personality. The ego controls the tension and relieves anxiety utilizing “ego defense mechanisms.”
22
Q
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation.
c. denial.
d. sublimation
A
Repression.
Freud saw defense mechanisms as an unconscious method a person uses to protect him- or herself from anxiety. Freudians feel that repression is the kingpin or granddaddy of ego defense mechanisms. A child who is sexually abused, for example, may repress (i.e., truly forget) the incident.
23
Q
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
A
Repression is automatic or involuntary.
Some exams refer to suppression as denial.
24
Q
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
A
Sublimation.
25
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
None of the above.
Sublimation is not the same as subliminal. Sublimation is a defense mechanism, while subliminal perception supposedly occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
26
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identification.
d a Type II error.
Displacement.
27
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, in as much as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
Sour grapes rationalization.
Remember the fable in which the fox couldn’t secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway? Well here’s the human equivalent affectionately known as the sour grapes variety of rationalization.
28
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
Sweet lemon rationalization.
In our society we overrate the value of (or at least overeat) sweets in our diet. In the sweet lemon variety of rationalization the person overrates the situation.
29
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
Denial.
30
________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking
out a window.
a. Repression
b. Sour grapes rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial
Projection
31
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
Reaction formation.
In reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.
32
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
Compensation.
33
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
Identification.
34
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought
patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
Introjection.
35
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
Resistance.
36
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
How can concepts like the id, ego, or unconscious conflicts be directly measured? The answer is that for the most part, they can’t.
37
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to
childhood.
Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
38
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
The term individual stresses the unique qualities we each possess. Individual psychology is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
39
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
Insight.
Insight is the “aha, now I understand” phenomenon.
40
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle.
a. Eros;Thanatos
b. Logos;Eros
c. reality;pleasure
d. transference;countertransference
Logos;Eros
Logos implies logic, while eros refers to intuition.
41
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
Mandalas.
Jung, the father of analytic psychology, borrowed the term mandala from Hindu writings in which the mandala was the symbol of meditation. In Jung’s writings the mandala also can stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
42
________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung
Adler
43
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than
parent–child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
Alfred Adler’s theory.
44
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
Social factors.
Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.
45
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
Jung.
46
The personality types of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Afred Adler.
d. Carl G. Jung.
Carl G. Jung.
47
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private
practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
48
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
Social connectedness.
49
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10–20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
50
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
a. Eros;Thanatos
b. animus;anima
c. anima;animus
d. yin;yang
Anima;animus
These terms were introduced in the section on human growth and development, but just for review purposes and for those who never studied Latin: You can remember that anima is the feminine term as it ends in “ma,” and needless to say, it is common to refer to one’s mother as “ma.”
51
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
Archetypes.
This is easy to remember if you keep the word archaic in mind. An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women (e.g., the cross).
52
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, and self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-
like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
All of the above.
53
Aclientisdemonstratinginconsistentbehavior.Sheissmilingbut says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
Confrontation.
Confrontation could also relate solely to verbal behavior. For example, a counselor might confront a client about what he says he is doing in his life versus what he is truly doing. The essence of confrontation is to illuminate discrepancies between the client’s and the helper’s conceptualization of a given situation.
54
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution.
55
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based onthe client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based onthe client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
56
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Jean Piaget.
d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
Frederick C. Thorne.
It is very important to note that Thorne felt that true eclecticism was much more than “a hodgepodge of facts”; it needed to be rigidly scientific. Thorne preferred the term psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy, as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.
57
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
Countertransference.
In countertransference the counselor’s past is projected onto the client and the helper’s objectivity suffers markedly. A counselor who falls in love with a client or feels extreme anger toward a client is generally considered a victim of countertransference.
58
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
Adler.
59
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a
social context; never in isolation.
c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic
relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
60
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
Associationism
The answer is associationism, which asserts that ideas are held together by associations. Now here’s a super hint. Although associationism had its roots in an essay written by Aristotle on the nature of memory, most exams will list John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley as the pioneers. My guess: Look for the name John Locke come exam time.
61
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the
multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and
holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
The “law of effect” simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
62
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
Ivan Pavlov.
63
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. a conditioned stimulus (CS).
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
d. an acquisition period.
An unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
From now on, whenever you see the word conditioned, substitute the word learned. When you see the word unconditioned substitute the word unlearned.
64
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
Instrumental learning.
One possible memory device here would be that Skinner’s last name has an “i” as does the word instrumental, whereas the word Pavlov doesn’t.
65
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
Reflexes.
66
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers
behavior.
Tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
All reinforcers—yep, both positive and negative—raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur.
67
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young
children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
Is not the same thing as punishment.
Negative reinforcement is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief. If you ingest a pain pill and it relieves pain you are more apt to take it again when you are plagued with pain since it gave you relief.
68
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
69
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the
________ and the meat was the ________.
a. CS;UCS
b. UCS;CS
c. CR;UCS
d. UCS;CR
CS;UCS
In the Pavlovian experiment, the US (which is sometimes written UCS) is the unconditioned (think unlearned) stimulus, or the meat. The CS is the conditioned or learned stimulus.
70
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not influence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or half a second.
Is .5 or half a second.
As the interval exceeds 0.5 seconds, more trials are needed for effective conditioning.
71
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before
the CS (the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimentalneurosis.
d. no conditioning.
No conditioning.
This is called backward conditioning. Generally backward conditioning is ineffective and doesn’t work. On a similar note, if the bell and the meat are presented at the exact same time—and this is called simultaneous conditioning— conditioning will not occur.
72
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulusdiscrimination.
Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
Stimulus generalization, also called “second-order conditioning,” occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (in this instance, the bell) produces the same reaction.
73
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see question 272) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination is nearly the opposite of stimulus generalization. Here the learning process is “fine tuned,” if you will, to respond only to a specific stimulus.
74
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
Experimental neurosis set in.
75
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positivereinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negativereinforcement.
Extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
76
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
Little Albert.
The significance of the Little Albert case was that it demonstrated that fears were “learned” and not the result of some unconscious conflict.
77
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement,
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
Extinction.
78
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
A and C.
Technically, behavior modification is Skinnerian (i.e., operant, instrumental), while behavior therapy is Pavlovian (i.e., classical, respondent).
79
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any
therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. by counterconditioning.
By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
80
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
a. Edward Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
Neal Miller.
In a study that perhaps challenged a 100-year-old psychological doctrine, Neal Miller and Ali Banuazizi showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions.
81
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was
correct.
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct.
d. none of the above.
A phobia could be a learned behavior.
The key take-away message from Watson’s Little Albert experiment was that a fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather learning.
82
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
a. cure.
b. Skinner.
c. Piaget.
d. NLP.
Cure.
John B. Watson demonstrated that a phobic reaction was “learned,” while Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that “learning” could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.
83
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
a. two DSM diagnoses which often co-occur: panic disorder and agoraphobia.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. an adjustment reaction.
d. stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus generalization.
This is simple enough to remember, since in stimulus generalization the fear “generalizes.”
84
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
a. Pavlov’s dogs.
b. Mary Cover Jones.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
85
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
a. she is nondirective.
b. she is very directive.
c. a treatment model.
d. she is not a depth psychologist.
A treatment model.
You must be familiar with the word paradigm, which is utilized excessively in this field. A paradigm is a “model.”
86
A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is
a. using interpretation.
b. using summarization.
c. using concreteness.
d. using a depth psychology paradigm.
Using concreteness.
Concreteness is also known as “specificity” in some of the literature. The counselor uses the principle of concreteness in an attempt to eliminate vague language.
87
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
a. concreteness.
b. a directive.
c. interpretation.
d. parroting.
A directive.
When used in the context of counseling, a directive is merely a suggestion.
88
________ is a biofeedback device.
a. A bathroom scale
b. A DVD player
c. A digital clock
d. An analyst’s couch
A bathroom scale.
Biofeedback does not change the client, it merely provides the client and helper with biological information such that the client can master self-regulation. A scale and a mirror are two simple examples.
89
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
a. punishment.
b. biofeedback.
c. a Pavlovian strategy.
d. positive reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement.
90
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
a. identical to concreteness.
b. selective empathy.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
d. an archaic Freudian notion.
The counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
91
Empathy is
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
b. behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. the same as sympathy.
The ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
92
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ________, and when something is taken away it is called a ________.
a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction;shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
93
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
a. extinction.
b. token reinforcement.
c. biofeedback.
d. higher-order conditioning.
Higher-order conditioning.
When a new stimulus is associated or “paired” with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS, behaviorists refer to the phenomenon as “higher-order conditioning.”
94
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
a. a temperature trainer.
b. EMG feedback.
c. EEG neurofeedback.
d. EKG feedback.
A temperature trainer.
95
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
a. the Jacobson relaxation method.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EMG feedback.
d. a simple yet effective mood ring.
EMG feedback.
96
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher- probability behavior.
b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower- probability behavior.
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective.
d. none of the above.
A lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher- probability behavior.
97
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
a. EMG feedback.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
EEG feedback.
EEG is used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms.
98
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
a. an intermittent schedule.
b. an extinction schedule.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. thinning.
Continuous reinforcement.
In continuous reinforcement you “continue” to provide the reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs.
99
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ________, based on the number of responses and the ________, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio;interval
b. interval;ratio
c. continuous;ratio
d. interval;continuous
Ratio;interval
The two basic classes of intermittent or partial reinforcement are ratio and interval. You can remember that “interval” is based on time rather than the number of responses, since in this society we use the phrase “time interval.”
100
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes.
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (e.g., one time per month, although the amount of work may vary from month to month).
c. variable interval.
d. variable ratio.
Variable ratio.
101
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
a. standard units of dysfunction.
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction.
c. subjective units of disturbance scale.
d. standard units of distress scale.
Standard units of distress scale.
102
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
a. a primary reinforcer.
b. covert processing.
c. secondary reinforcement.
d. SUDS.
Secondary reinforcement.
103
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to
buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
c. an average stimulus.
d. a conditioned reinforcer.
A back-up reinforcer.
A back-up reinforcer is the best answer here since by definition a back-up reinforcer is an item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens.
104
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. biofeedback.
c. back-up reinforcement.
d. aversive conditioning.
Aversive conditioning.
The idea here is to pair the alcohol with an aversive, somewhat unpleasant stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it.
105
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane.
c. imagining a flight in an airplane.
d. an actual flight in an airplane.
Imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
106
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
a. conscious rehearsal.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
c. fixed role therapy.
d. a and b.
Behavioral rehearsal.
Behavioral rehearsal (the correct answer) is the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client’s life (such as asking for a raise). The counselor in this case might also switch roles and model assertive behavior for the client.
107
Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy.
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination.
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
Relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
108
________ is behavioral sex therapy.
a. Classical vegotherapy
b. Orgone box therapy
c. Conditioned reflex therapy
d. Sensate focus
Sensate focus.
Sensate focus is a form of behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson of St. Louis, Missouri. Like Wolpe’s systematic desensitization, this approach relies on counterconditioning. A couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.
109
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization.
Covert sensitization.
110
One distinction between flooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. flooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.
Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
Here’s a superb memory device: implosive therapy begins with an “i” and so does the word imagination.
111
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because
a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique.
b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning.
c. extinction works more quickly.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it
teaches aggression.
The effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.
The great behavior modifier B. F. Skinner did not believe punishment was very effective. He felt that after the punishment was administered the behavior would manifest itself once again. Positive measures are seen as more effective than punishment.
112
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that
a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
c. the counselor’s timing is poor in terms of interpretation.
d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process.
The counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
113
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, “Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?” This is an example of
a. EMDR.
b. accurate empathy.
c. confrontation.
d. sympathy.
Sympathy.
This is sympathy, not to mention some of the most horrendous therapy one could imagine! Sympathy often implies pity, while accurate empathy is the ability to experience another person’s subjective experience.
114
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client’s statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as
a. desirable attending behavior.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
c. level 3 on the empathy scale.
d. paradoxical intention.
Parroting and is not recommended.
115
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
a. healing through meaning.
b. healing through the unconscious.
c. logic cures.
d. all of the above.
Healing through meaning.
116
All of these philosophers are existentialists except:
a. Plato and Epictetus.
b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss.
c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich.
d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers.
Plato and Epictetus.
117
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
a. being too short-term.
b. overemphasizing techniques.
c. ignoring group strategies.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
118
Existentialists focus primarily on
a. the teenage years.
b. the client’s perception in the here and now.
c. childhood traumas.
d. uplifting childhood memories.
The client’s perception in the here and now.
119
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I–Thou relationship, which asserts that
a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers.
b. the relationship is vertical.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
d. empathy is not necessary.
The relationship is horizontal.
A horizontal relationship (e.g., I–Thou) assumes equality between persons.
120
Frankl is an existentialist. So are
a. Ellis and Perls.
b. Perls and Stampfl.
c. Yalom and May.
d. Janov and Beck.
Yalom and May.
Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the United States. Irvin Yalom, another existentialist, is noted for his work in group therapy.
121
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ________ world, the Mitwelt or the ________ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ________ world.
a. unconscious; preconscious; conscious
b. id; ego; superego
c. self-identity; relationship; physical
d. physical; relationship; identity
Physical; relationship; identity
122
Frankl’s experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
a. the value of stimulus-response (S-R) psychological paradigms.
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control
your response.
c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic.
d. the value of active-directive counseling.
That you can’t control the environment, but you can control
your response.
123
Existential counselors emphasize the client’s
a. free choice, decision, and will.
b. transference.
c. slips of tongue.
d. latent dream symbolism.
Free choice, decision, and will.
124
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
a. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer.
b. the impact of cancer on emotions.
c. a cancerous growth in the brain.
d. the philosophy of being and existing.
The philosophy of being and existing.
125
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to
a. rational therapy.
b. reality therapy.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. RBT.
Reality therapy.
126
Reality therapy has incorporated
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
b. rational imagery.
c. Ta principles.
d. rolfing.
Control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
127
All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except:
a. The client’s childhood is explored.
b. Excuses are not accepted.
c. The unconscious is avoided.
d. Therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now.
The client’s childhood is explored.
According to choice theory the person’s childhood may have contributed to the problem. However, the past is never really the problem.
128
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor’s own words is using
a. contracting.
b. confrontation.
c. paraphrasing.
d. parroting.
Paraphrasing.
129
Most experts would agree that ________ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.
a. paraphrasing by the counselor
b. open-ended questions
c. role rehearsal
d. silence
Silence
Veteran counselors believe that some of the most valuable verbalizations occur after a period of silence. Silence gives the client time to assimilate the counseling process and is helpful in nondirective therapies because it coaxes the client to direct the session.
130
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
a. failures.
b. irrational internal verbalizations.
c. transference issues.
d. successful behaviors.
Successful behaviors
Glasser believes that dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept, or what reality therapists have termed the “failure identity.”
131
Glasser’s position on mental illness is that
a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or
irresponsible.
c. it is best explained by ICD categories.
d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict.
Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
Reality therapy has little use for the formal diagnostic process, or what is known in clinical circles as “nosology.” The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Disease (ICD) provide the guidelines for diagnosis of clients. Glasser rejected this traditional medical model of disease.
132
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is
a. detached but very empathic.
b. like that of a warm caring mother.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is
appropriate.
Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
Unlike the detached psychoanalyst, the reality therapist literally makes friends with the client.
133
Glasser’s theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote
a. Choice Theory.
b. The Interpretation of Dreams.
c. Positive Addiction.
d. Schools Without Failure.
Schools Without Failure.
134
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action.
c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions.
d. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality.
That the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
Even when the client wants to give up, the therapist does not. Glasser’s theory has been criticized on the basis that it is too simplistic. Unlike most of the other schools of thought discussed in this guide, Reality therapy has not been included in some texts and dictionaries of psychology.
135
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be
a. jogging.
b. gambling.
c. playing the office football pool.
d. playing professional football.
Jogging.
136
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using
a. paraphrasing.
b. reflection.
c. summarization.
d. confrontation.
Summarization.
137
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ________ identity.
a. failure
b. success
c. diffused
d. crisis-oriented
Success
The individual who possesses a success identity feels worthy and significant to others. Identity is a person’s most important psychological need.
138
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to
a. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
b. transactional analysis (TA).
c. assertiveness training (AT).
d. gestalttherapy.
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
Analytically trained New York clinical psychologist Ellis is the father of REBT, which assumes that the client’s emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas. The cure is a high dose of rational thinking.
139
In Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as
a. self-talk.
b. internalverbalizations.
c. impulses.
d. a and b.
A and B.
140
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
a. Buber.
b. Epictetus.
c. Locke.
d. Jaspers.
Epictetus.
Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think, said: “People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them.”
141
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ________, B is the ________, and C is the ________.
a. affect; belief; control
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
c. affect; behavior; control
d. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence
Activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
142
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, ________ leads to E, ________.
a. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior
b. direct living; evaluation
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence
Disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
143
A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
a. bibliotherapy.
b. countertransference.
c. musturbation.
d. concreteness.
Bibliotherapy
144
Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis.
a. musturbations
b. masturbations
c. awfulizations
d. rational
Musturbations
145
A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most terrible thing in the world.” This client is engaging in
a. rational self-talk.
b. self-inducedempathy.
c. cognitiverestructuring.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
Awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
146
Bibliotherapy is a form of
a. psychodynamic intervention.
b. homework.
c. displacement.
d. musturbation.
Homework.
147
Ellis feels that ________ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
a. a trauma before age 5
b. a current traumatic activating event
c. irrational thinking at point B
d. repression of key feelings
Irrational thinking at point B
148
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts.
c. allowing the client to purge feelings.
d. uncovering relevant unconscious material.
Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
149
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist’s
new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
a. he does not believe in the scientific method.
b. the study would not take transference into account.
c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing.
d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that
can cause or ward off emotional discord).
Only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that
can cause or ward off emotional discord).
150
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ________ are to Glasser’s choice theory.
a. contracting
b. pictures in your mind
c. lack of punishment
d. a therapeutic plan
Pictures in your mind
A matter of semantics? Perhaps. Glasser insists that behavior is internally motivated and we choose our actions.
151
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
a. RBT.
b. AT.
c. TA.
d. S-Rresearch.
RBT.
Maultsby is the father of rational-behavior therapy (RBT), which is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis.
152
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process.
c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia.
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety.
Dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
153
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is
a. Albert Ellis.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.
d. Aaron T. Beck.
Donald Meichenbaum.
154
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ________ in the treatment process.
a. Meichenbaum’s self-instructional therapy
b. reality therapy
c. gestalt therapy
d. vegotherapy
Gestalt therapy
155
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent.
b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent.
c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent.
d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent.
Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent.
156
The Adult ego state
a. contains the “shoulds” and “oughts.”
b. is the seat of feelings.
c. is like Freud’s superego.
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
Processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
157
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as
a. the Natural Child.
b. the Adapted Child.
c. the Little Professor.
d. all of the above.
All of the above
158
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
b. are known as crossed transactions.
c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states.
d. are always empathic.
Occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
159
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris’s book I’m OK—You’re OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position “I’m OK—You’re Not OK”
a. is generally self-abusive.
b. blames others for misery.
c. generally engages in self-mutilation.
d. is generally suicidal.
Blames others for misery.
160
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman’s drama triangle would say
a. the man is stuck in the “I’m Not OK—You’re Not OK” life position.
b. the Critical Parent is dominating.
c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to
the victim role.
The man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to
the victim role.
161
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
a. Empty chair technique.
b. Ego state analysis.
c. Contracting.
d. Formal assertiveness training.
Contracting.
Contracting, nevertheless, is the only technique listed that is used readily by TA and behavior therapists.
162
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?
a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt.
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of
harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved.
d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication.
In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of
harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
163
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
a. rackets.
b. lifescripts.
c. the Little Professor.
d. an analysis of variance.
Rackets.
164
According to Eric Berne a life script is actually
a. an ulterior transaction.
b. an ego state.
c. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made
early in life.
d. a series of parallel transactions.
A life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.
165
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
a. the empty chair technique.
b. gestalt therapy.
c. the underdog.
d. the top dog.
Gestalt therapy.
166
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
a. Perls and Berne.
b. Ellis and Harper.
c. Prochaska’s transtheoretical model (TTM).
d. Carkhuff and Gazda.
Carkhuff and Gazda.
167
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of
a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
b. new language programs for computer therapy.
c. new language psychotherapy software.
d. neurologicalpsychotherapy.
Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
168
A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client’s
projection via
a. playing the projection technique.
b. the empty chair technique.
c. converting questions to statements.
d. a behavioral contract.
Playing the projection technique.
Projection is an ego defense mechanism in which you see something in others that you cannot accept about yourself. Gestalt hits this head-on, and in “playing the projection” the counselor literally asks you to act like this person you dislike.
169
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely
a. ask the client to recount a dream.
b. urge the client to engage in thought stopping.
c. prescribe relaxation homework.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.
Urge the client to stay with the feeling.
170
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles
a. successive approximations.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
c. free association.
d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection.
Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
171
A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states “It is difficult to get a job in New York City” would be asked by the counselor to
a. go to the O*NET online website (www.onetonline.org) which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation’s primary source of occupational information.
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
c. read the OOH.
d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII).
Change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
172
Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates
a. psychodrama.
b. Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy, which asserts that
maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and
thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts.
c. conditioned reflex therapy.
d. client-centeredtherapy.
Psychodrama.
Psychodrama incorporates role-playing into the treatment process. A client, for example, might act out an especially painful incident in his or her life. Psychodrama was invented by Jacob L. Moreno, who first coined the term group therapy in 1931. Gestalt therapists emphasize experiments and exercises.
173
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in
a. sublimation.
b. a panic reaction.
c. retroflection.
d. repression.
Retroflection.
Retroflection is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else. The psychoanalysts often say that the person who wishes to kill him- or herself really wants to kill someone else. True? Perhaps. Statistics now indicate that in cases of suicide, four out of every 100 begin with the person killing someone else!
174
Gestalt means
a. a group.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
c. added.
d. visual acuity.
A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
Gestalt also can imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Growth takes place when the client has integrated disowned parts of the personality and reconnected with them.
175
Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
a. four layers of neurosis
b. three layers of neurosis
c. two layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis
Five layers of neurosis
Perls likened the process of therapy to that of peeling an onion. The person has a phony layer, a phobic layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness), an impasse layer (the person feels struck), the implosive layer (willingness to expose the true self), and the explosive layer (person has relief due to authenticity).
176
In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as
a. unfinished business.
b. the emerging gestalt.
c. form/figure language.
d. the top dog.
Unfinished business.
177
Gestalt therapy emphasizes
a. cognitive-behavioral issues.
b. transference issues.
c. traumatic childhood memories.
d. awareness in the here and now and dream work.
Awareness in the here and now and dream work.
178
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts
of
a. behavioral self-control.
b. choice theory.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
d. the rehearsal experiment.
Top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
179
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that
a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams.
b. ignores nonverbal behavior.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
d. uses the making the rounds technique, which is not
appropriate for group work.
Often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
180
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during
a. the late 1970s.
b. the late 1960s.
c. the1980s.
d. themid-1950s.
The late 1960s.
181
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ________ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.
a. faster
b. slower
c. at the same pace
d. a and b
Slower
Because gestalt therapists are generally rather confrontational, theorists assume that the client–counselor relationship will progress at a slower rate.
182
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to ________.
a. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered.
b. directive; nondirective; client-centered.
c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirective.
d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective.
Nondirective; client-centered; person-centered.
183
Rogers’s approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach.
a. existential or humanistic
b. cognitive
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. neodynamic
Existential or humanistic
184
Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
b. Advice is given a lot.
c. Reflection is rarely utilized.
d. Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast
pace.
Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
185
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must
possess
a. the skill to be confrontational.
b. the ability to give advice.
c. the ability to do formal psychological testing.
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate
unconditional positive regard to create a desirable “I–Thou relationship.”
Empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable “I–Thou relationship.”
186
Rogers viewed man as
a. basically evil.
b. driven by instincts.
c. a product of reinforcement.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting
environment.
Positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.
187
A person-centered therapist would
a. treat clients with everyday problems differently from psychotics.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions.
d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress.
Treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
The person-centered model puts little stock in the formal process of diagnosis and psychological assessment. People are people, and when they are labeled they are debased to “patients.”
188
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
b. the counselor uses silence.
c. the counselor reflects emotion.
d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session.
External behavior matches an internal response or state.
189
Rogers felt that ________ for client change to occur.
a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem
b. three conditions are necessary
c. nine conditions are necessary
d. two conditions are necessary
Three conditions are necessary
Rogers insists that three key factors are needed for an effective helping climate. The counselor’s attitude must include genuineness (again, also called congruence), unconditional positive regard (also referred to as nonpossessive warmth), and empathic understanding.
190
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with
a. a bright verbal male.
b. a bright verbal female.
c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology.
d. a client who is not very verbal.
A client who is not very verbal.
191
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that
a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns.
b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial
phase of counseling.
c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.
d. b and c.
B and C.
192
Counselors who work as consultants
a. generally adhere to reality therapy.
b. generally adhere to one single theory.
c. generally adhere to consultation theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.
Generally do not adhere to one single theory.
193
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ________ setting.
a. group
b. work/organizational
c. continuing care
d. residential
Work/organizational
194
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called
a. verbal tracking.
b. clarifying.
c. reflection.
d. paraphrasing.
Verbal tracking.
195
The counselor’s social power is related to
a. age.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. sex and age.
d. degree of directiveness.
Expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
196
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor’s self-
image are
a. choice of a modality and a learning disability.
b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree.
c. lack of NCC.
d. competence, power, and intimacy.
Competence, power, and intimacy.
197
A counselor who is genuine
a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client.
b. does not change his or her true values from session to session.
c. is not empathic.
d. a and b.
A and B.
198
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy:
a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive.
b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy.
Basic, subtractive, and additive.
In basic empathy the counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s. In the case of subtractive empathy, the counselor’s behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated. Additive empathy is most desirable since it adds to the client’s understanding and awareness.
199
________ and ________ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
a. Truax;Carkhuff
b. Rogers;Berenson
c. Rogers;Brill
d. Carkhuff;Satir
Truax;Carkhuff
Robert Carkhuff has been quoted time and time again for his statement that, “all helping is for better or worse.” Or as he says, “no helpee is left unchanged by any helping interaction.” Charles Truax worked very closely with Robert Carkhuff.
200
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
a. power, competence, and trustworthiness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
d. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior.
Empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
