Counseling And Helping Relationships Flashcards
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ________ and ________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Alfred Adler was the father of individual psychology, and Carl Gustav Jung (correctly pronounced “Yung”) founded analytic psychology.
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, and phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
Id, ego, and superego.
In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.
a. Adult,unconscious
b. Parent,ego
c. Parent,superego
d. Parent,id
Parent,superego
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the
aggressor.
d. transference.
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
Some scholars refer to the ego as the “executive administrator” since it governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience). The ego is a mediator. The ego is also called the reality principle and houses the individual’s identity.
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
Thanatos.
Is it Greek or is it Freudian theory? You decide. Eros is the Greek god of the love of life. To the Freudians this means self-preservation. Thanatos is the Greek word for death. Later Freudian writings use the word to describe a death wish or what is sometimes called the death instinct. Today we call specialists who study death thanatologists.
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct
gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
The id is the pleasure principle, the ego is the reality principle, and the superego is the ego ideal. Some exams will call it the pleasure–pain principle.
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
Ego.
The ego or reality principle attempts to balance the id and the superego.
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. transactional analysis.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
Free association.
Free association is literally defined as instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind even if it seems silly or embarrassing. Nothing the client says is censored by the helper.
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
a. perfection;pleasure
b. pleasure;perfection
c. morals;ethics
d. logic;reality
Perfection;pleasure
The superego is more concerned with the ideal and personal aspirations than what is real. The superego is composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society.
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
Wolpe.
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
Manifest and latent content.
According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning or so-called latent content.
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
Transference.
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Daniel Paul Schreber.
Little Albert.
Little Albert was a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism.
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
All of the above.
Classical psychoanalysis is quite lengthy—three to five sessions per week for several years is not unusual—not to mention expensive. Psychodynamic therapy and counseling make use of analytic principles (e.g., the unconscious mind) but rely on fewer sessions per week to make it a bit more practical.
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurateempathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.
Catharsis and/or abreaction.
Hard-core analysts often prefer the word abreaction to the nontechnical term catharsis. Other writers use the word catharsis to connote mild purging of emotion, and abreaction when the repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to
topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. egoideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
The Oedipus complex.
The Oedipus complex is known as the Electra complex when it occurs in females. Also be aware that the most important concept in Freud’s theory is the unconscious mind.
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these
except:
a. Hypnosis.
b. Slips of the tongue and humor.
c. Dreams.
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
Subjective units of distress scale.
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
Preconscious mind.
The preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty (e.g., in this question the memory of what transpired several months ago to trigger the client’s depression). Thus, the preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and
protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
Ego defense mechanisms.
The id strives for immediate satisfaction, while the superego is ready and willing to punish the ego via guilt if the id is allowed to act on such impulses. This creates tension and a certain degree of pressure within the personality. The ego controls the tension and relieves anxiety utilizing “ego defense mechanisms.”
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation.
c. denial.
d. sublimation
Repression.
Freud saw defense mechanisms as an unconscious method a person uses to protect him- or herself from anxiety. Freudians feel that repression is the kingpin or granddaddy of ego defense mechanisms. A child who is sexually abused, for example, may repress (i.e., truly forget) the incident.
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
Repression is automatic or involuntary.
Some exams refer to suppression as denial.
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
Sublimation.
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
None of the above.
Sublimation is not the same as subliminal. Sublimation is a defense mechanism, while subliminal perception supposedly occurs when you perceive something unconsciously and thus it has an impact on your behavior.
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identification.
d a Type II error.
Displacement.
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, in as much as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
Sour grapes rationalization.
Remember the fable in which the fox couldn’t secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway? Well here’s the human equivalent affectionately known as the sour grapes variety of rationalization.
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
Sweet lemon rationalization.
In our society we overrate the value of (or at least overeat) sweets in our diet. In the sweet lemon variety of rationalization the person overrates the situation.
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
Denial.
________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking
out a window.
a. Repression
b. Sour grapes rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial
Projection
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
Reaction formation.
In reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
Compensation.
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
Identification.
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought
patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
Introjection.
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
Resistance.
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
How can concepts like the id, ego, or unconscious conflicts be directly measured? The answer is that for the most part, they can’t.
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to
childhood.
Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
The term individual stresses the unique qualities we each possess. Individual psychology is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
Insight.
Insight is the “aha, now I understand” phenomenon.
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle.
a. Eros;Thanatos
b. Logos;Eros
c. reality;pleasure
d. transference;countertransference
Logos;Eros
Logos implies logic, while eros refers to intuition.
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
Mandalas.
Jung, the father of analytic psychology, borrowed the term mandala from Hindu writings in which the mandala was the symbol of meditation. In Jung’s writings the mandala also can stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung
Adler
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than
parent–child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
Alfred Adler’s theory.
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
Social factors.
Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
Jung.
The personality types of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Afred Adler.
d. Carl G. Jung.
Carl G. Jung.
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private
practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
Social connectedness.
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10–20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
a. Eros;Thanatos
b. animus;anima
c. anima;animus
d. yin;yang
Anima;animus
These terms were introduced in the section on human growth and development, but just for review purposes and for those who never studied Latin: You can remember that anima is the feminine term as it ends in “ma,” and needless to say, it is common to refer to one’s mother as “ma.”
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
Archetypes.
This is easy to remember if you keep the word archaic in mind. An archetype is actually a primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men and women (e.g., the cross).
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, and self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-
like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
All of the above.
Aclientisdemonstratinginconsistentbehavior.Sheissmilingbut says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
Confrontation.
Confrontation could also relate solely to verbal behavior. For example, a counselor might confront a client about what he says he is doing in his life versus what he is truly doing. The essence of confrontation is to illuminate discrepancies between the client’s and the helper’s conceptualization of a given situation.
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution.
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based onthe client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based onthe client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Jean Piaget.
d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
Frederick C. Thorne.
It is very important to note that Thorne felt that true eclecticism was much more than “a hodgepodge of facts”; it needed to be rigidly scientific. Thorne preferred the term psychological case handling rather than psychotherapy, as he felt the efficacy of psychotherapy had not been scientifically demonstrated.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
Countertransference.
In countertransference the counselor’s past is projected onto the client and the helper’s objectivity suffers markedly. A counselor who falls in love with a client or feels extreme anger toward a client is generally considered a victim of countertransference.
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
Adler.
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a
social context; never in isolation.
c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic
relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
Associationism
The answer is associationism, which asserts that ideas are held together by associations. Now here’s a super hint. Although associationism had its roots in an essay written by Aristotle on the nature of memory, most exams will list John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley as the pioneers. My guess: Look for the name John Locke come exam time.
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the
multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and
holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
The “law of effect” simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
Ivan Pavlov.
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. a conditioned stimulus (CS).
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
d. an acquisition period.
An unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
From now on, whenever you see the word conditioned, substitute the word learned. When you see the word unconditioned substitute the word unlearned.
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
Instrumental learning.
One possible memory device here would be that Skinner’s last name has an “i” as does the word instrumental, whereas the word Pavlov doesn’t.
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
Reflexes.
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers
behavior.
Tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
All reinforcers—yep, both positive and negative—raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young
children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
Is not the same thing as punishment.
Negative reinforcement is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief. If you ingest a pain pill and it relieves pain you are more apt to take it again when you are plagued with pain since it gave you relief.
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the
________ and the meat was the ________.
a. CS;UCS
b. UCS;CS
c. CR;UCS
d. UCS;CR
CS;UCS
In the Pavlovian experiment, the US (which is sometimes written UCS) is the unconditioned (think unlearned) stimulus, or the meat. The CS is the conditioned or learned stimulus.
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not influence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or half a second.
Is .5 or half a second.
As the interval exceeds 0.5 seconds, more trials are needed for effective conditioning.
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before
the CS (the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimentalneurosis.
d. no conditioning.
No conditioning.
This is called backward conditioning. Generally backward conditioning is ineffective and doesn’t work. On a similar note, if the bell and the meat are presented at the exact same time—and this is called simultaneous conditioning— conditioning will not occur.
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulusdiscrimination.
Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
Stimulus generalization, also called “second-order conditioning,” occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (in this instance, the bell) produces the same reaction.
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see question 272) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination is nearly the opposite of stimulus generalization. Here the learning process is “fine tuned,” if you will, to respond only to a specific stimulus.
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
Experimental neurosis set in.
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positivereinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negativereinforcement.
Extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
Little Albert.
The significance of the Little Albert case was that it demonstrated that fears were “learned” and not the result of some unconscious conflict.
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement,
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
Extinction.
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
A and C.
Technically, behavior modification is Skinnerian (i.e., operant, instrumental), while behavior therapy is Pavlovian (i.e., classical, respondent).
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any
therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. by counterconditioning.
By charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
a. Edward Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
Neal Miller.
In a study that perhaps challenged a 100-year-old psychological doctrine, Neal Miller and Ali Banuazizi showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions.
