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human development Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of how behavior changes over time

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2
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

false assumption that because something occurred before another event, it must have caused it

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3
Q

bidirectional influences

A

children experiences influence development but development also influences their experiences

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4
Q

cross-sectional design

A

research people of different ages at a single point in time

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5
Q

limitation of cross-sectional designs

A

cohort effects: groups who live during one period can differ in systematic ways from groups living in other time periods

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6
Q

longitudinal design

A

research the same group of people at multiple different times

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7
Q

limitations of longitudinal design

A
  • time consuming and costly
  • arent true experimental designs
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8
Q

infant determinism

A

belief that extremely early experiences are more influential than later experiences
- no evidence for this

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9
Q

childhood fragility

A

children are delicate and easily damaged
- most kids are actually very resilient in traumatic events

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10
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed.
- kids with a specific gene for violence aren’t usually violent unless they had a violent upbringing

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11
Q

nature via nurture

A

tendency of individuals with certain genetic tendencies to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

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12
Q

gene-expression

A

some genes turn on only in response to specific environmental events

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13
Q

teratogens

A

environmental factors that can exert negative impacts on prenaal development
ex: smoking, drugs, alcohol, chicken box

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14
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

alcohol consumption can lead to FAS
- learning disabilities, delays in physical growth, facial malformations and behavioural disorders

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15
Q

motor behaviours

A

bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
ex: walking, reaching

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16
Q

reflexes

A

infants are born with a large set of automatic motor behaviours
- sucking and rooting reflexes are essential for feeding

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17
Q

motor development

A
  • influenced by physical maturity and cultural and parenting practices
  • vary in when they occur but they are always achieved in the same sequence
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18
Q

sucking reflex

A

automatic response to oral stimulation
- if you put something in a baby’s mouth they will suck down on it
- reflex keeps baby alive without them having to learn

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19
Q

menarche

A

onset of menstruration

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20
Q

spermarche

A

male’s first ejaculation

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21
Q

assimilation

A

process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures
- use to acquire new knowledge

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22
Q

accommodation

A

process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

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23
Q

piaget’s stages

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational stage
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operations
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24
Q

sensorimotor

A
  • 0-2 years
  • lack of object permanence
  • no thought beyond immediate physical experiences
25
object permanence
understanding that objects continue to exist when outside of view
26
preoperational
- 2-7 years - able to think beyond the here and now but egocentric and unable to perform mental transformation - lack conservation
27
conservation
understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
28
concrete operations
- 7-11 - can perform mental transformations but only concrete physical object
29
formal operation
- 12- adulthood - ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
30
limitations of piaget
- development is more gradual - hard to repeat without language dependent tasks - culturally biased
31
pros of piaget
viewed children as different than adults - learning as an active process - across multiple domains
32
lev vygotsky
- social and cultural influences - scaffolding - zone of proximal development - focused more on parenting -development is gradual and children will be ready for their own development when it happens
33
scaffolding
parents structure environments for learning and then gradually remove them as child improves - supports enough until they can support themselves
34
zone of proximal development
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction - when they are ready for scaffolding
35
naive physics
intuitive understanding of the world without having studied physics' - basic understanding of physical objects and how they behave - understanding that a block sitting on another wont fall
36
theory of mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe - when we see a picture of a child standing on a counter we know that someone must have helped him get there
37
cognitive changes in adolescence
- frontal lobes dont fully mature until late adolescence and early adulthood which affects impulse control and risk-taking - more risk taking opportunities when young and have different evaluation of risk
38
cognitive function in late adulthood
- cognitive decline, memory loss but still cued recall and recognition - better on vocabulary and knowledge tests - little decline in material pertinent in everyday life
39
stranger anxiety
- fear of strangers developing at 8-9 months - peaks at around 12-15 months - appears in most cultures
40
temperament
basic emotional style that appears in early development and is genetic in origin 3 types: easy, difficult and slow to warmup
41
attachment
- emotional connection we share with those whom we feel closest - almost ll infants forge this bond with adults
42
imprinting
- 1930s by konrad lorenz - baby bird begins to follow around and attach themself to any large moving object they see in the hours immediately after hatching
43
critical periods
- a specific window of time during which an event must occur - aka sensitive periods
44
contact comfort
- assumed that infants bonded with those who provided nourishment - Harrow's work with monkeys showed that it was physical contact that was important in developing attachment - positive emotions afforded by touch
45
harlows study of monkeys
baby monkeys were separated by their mothers and placed with a terry cloth model and a wire one that would give it food. ate from the wire one but attached to terry cloth one
46
attachment styles
- how infants react when taken away from primary caregiver 1. secure-attachment (60%) 2. insecure-avoidant (15-20%) 3. Insecure-anxious (15-20%) 4. Disorganized (5-10%) - can change over time and depending on caregiver
47
mono-operation bias
drawing conclusions on a single measure
48
parenting styles
1. permissive 2. authoritarian 3. authoritative 4. uninvolved - doesnt really matter as long as basic needs are met
49
erikson model
series of stages, each characterized by a psychosocial crisis (dilemma concerning an individuals relations to others) - developing an indentity is the hardest thing for teens - personality builds throughout whole life
50
emerging adulthood
-18-25 -many aspects of emotional development, indentity and personality solidify
51
erikson mode: infancy
trust vs mistrust - developing general security, optimism and trust in others
52
erikson model: toddelrhood
autonomy vs shame - developing sense of independence and confidence
53
erikson model: early childhood
initiative vs guilt - dev initiative in exploring and maipulating the environment
54
erikson mode: middle childhood
industry vs inferiority - enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood in and out of school
55
erikson model: adolescence
identity vs role confusion - achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction
56
erikson model: young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation - development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships
57
erikson model: adulthood
generatively vs stagnation - satisfaction of persona and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others ad the world in general
58
erikson moedel: aging
ego integrity vs despair - recognizing and adjusting to agin and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the past

PSY 202 (4 decks)

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