emotion and motivation Flashcards
emotions
motivated state marked by physiological arousal, expressive behaviour, and mental experience
discrete emotions theory
humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, even if they combine in complex ways
- all humans have them even if they are expressed differently
primary emotions
small number of emotions that are thought to be universal
1. happiness
2. disgust
3. sadness
4. fear
5. surprise
6. contempt
7. anger
secondary emotions
seem to be cross-culturally universal and are made up of primary
ex: alarm, hatred, schadenfreude
display rules
how and when to express emotions
- differs in cultures
- does not influence emotions itself but its overt expression (ex; boys dont cry)
facial expression
primary emotions might be associated with distinct facial expressions
- can help distinguish real and fake emotion
physiology and emotion
primary emotions may be distinguished by physiological elements such as heart rate increasing with neg emotions, digestive system slowing down when scared
duchenne
real, involuntary emotion
pan Am
fake, voluntary emotions
cognitive theories on emotions
- emotions are products of thinking, not the other way around
james lange theory
emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
cannon-bard theory
emotion provoking events lead to simultaneous emotional and bodily reactions
somatic marker theory
- domasio
- we use our gut reactions to inform our actions
two factor theory
emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal (alertness) with and attribution (explanation) of that arousal
facial feedback hypothesis
- feedback from facial expressions can influence emotions possibly through feedback directly to the brain or as a result of classical conditioning
- facial expressions influence your expression
nonverbal leakage
unconscious spillover into nonverbal behaviour
- posture, hand gestures, movements will convey something about our state of mind. this even lets us understand texts
- rolling eyes can say u are bored or angry
- powerful cues of emotion we are trying to suppress
proxemics
study of personal space
- 4 levels of distance
1. public (12 feet or more)
2. social (4-12)
3. personal (1.5-4)
4. intimate (0-1.5)
- differences in sexes and cultures
gesture and body language
posture and gestures can communicate emotions in unconscious ways
- emblems
emblems
culture specific gestures
- ok sign, wave, thumbs up
affective forecasting
predict our future emotional states but are not great at it
durability bias
beleiving that our good or bad moods will last longer than they do
hedonic treadmill
our moods tend to adapt to external circumstances
broaden and build theory
happiness predisposes us to think more openly allowing us to see the big picture
- if were happy and say yes to things we get more opportunities (being optimistic makes u happy)
drives and wants and needs that prope; us in specific directions
- most powerful motivations are food and sex
psychological homeostasis
equilibrium
rive reduction theory
certain drives like hunger, thirst and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that to minimize aversive states
- trying to maintain homeostasis
