Human Development Flashcards
__________ is the false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event.
Post Hoc Fallacy.
__________ is when researchers examine people of different ages at a single point in time.
Cross-sectional design
________ is when researchers examine people on multiple occasions over time.
Longitudinal design
___________ is the impact of genes on behaviour in the environment in which the behaviour develops.
Gene-environment interactions
__________ is genetic predispositions that can drive us to select and create particular environments, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect on nature.
Nature via nurture
_________ is when some genes “turn on” only in response to specific environmental events.
Gene Expression.
A _______ is formed when sperm cell fertilizes an egg.
zygote.
_______ is when the zygote divides and doubles, forming a ball of identical cells that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part.
Blastocyst
What is the prenatal development order (hint: 4 stages)
- zygote 2. blastocyst 3. embryo 4. fetus
________ is the 2nd to 8th week of prenatal development during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form.
Embryo
______ is the period of prenatal development from the ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change.
Fetus
The human brain begins to develop ____ days after fertilization
18
Between __ days and __ months, prenatal proliferation occurs.
18 days and 6 months.
During proliferation, neurons can develop at _________ brain cells per minute.
250,000
___________ are bodily motions that occur as result of self-initiated force that moves the bone and muscles.
Motor behaviours.
The point where infants can survive on their own (premature birth) is ______ weeks.
25
The first onset of menstruation is called _______.
Menarche
The first ejaculation is called ________.
Spermarche
_________ is the termination of menstruation.
Menopause
________ is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures.
Assimilation
Children use ______ to acquire new knowledge within a stage.
Assimilation
________ is altering the child’s beliefs to make them more compatible with the experience.
Accommodation
__________ _______ is the time from birth to about 2 years of age.
Sensorimotor stage
________ _____________ is the ability to think about things that are absent from immediate surroundings
Mental representation
Having a lack of _______ _________ capabilities, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
Object permanence.
The preoperational stage is from __ to __ years.
2 to 7.
_________ is an inability to see the world from others’ perspective.
Egocentrism.
At which stage of development do children’s language and memory skills begin to improve significantly?
Preoperational stage
The concrete operations stage is from __ to __ years.
7 to 11
________ ___________ ________ is characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only.
Concrete operations stage.
Which developmental stage emerges in adolescence?
Formal operations stage
_________ _____________ _________ is characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now.
Formal operations stage.
_________ is when parents structure environments for learning and then gradually remove them as children improve.
Scaffolding
_____ __ __________ ____________ is the phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction.
Zone of proximal development.
________ __ _______ is the ability to reason about what other people know or believe (hint: video from class)
Theory of mind
_______ ____________ is the ability to understand oneself as separate and unique from others.
Self-concept
The ________ ________ do not mature fully until late adolescence or early adulthood
Frontal lobes.
__________ _________ is the feeling of uniqueness and living out a story that others are watching.
Personal fable
______ cognition is cognitive abilities employed during deliberation in the absence of high levels of emotion (e.g voting and deciding medical on medical procedures)
Cold
_____ cognition is engaging in mental processes during emotionally charged times (e.g. alcohol use, committing a crime)
Hot
Stranger anxiety starts at __ to __ months.
8 to 9
Stranger anxiety peaks at __ to __ months.
12 to 15
___________ is an infant’s characteristic pattern of actions and emotions in response to environmental stimuli.
Temperament
_______-___-_____ is the relation between the infant’s temperament and the demands and expectations of their environment.
Goodness-of-fit
_____________ is the tendency for males to prefer to hang out with males, and females with females.
Sexgegration
________ responsibility is the stage children evaluate people in terms of their intentions to cause harm.
Subjective
_________ responsibility is the stage children evaluate people in terms of how much harm they’ve done.
Objective
