Human Development Flashcards
The step by step development of person’s genetic endowments over time refers to the concept of
- Heredity
- Maturation
- Environmental stimulus
- Socialization
Maturation
The study of the nonverbal behavior of maintaining appropriate distance between a counselor and client is called
- Proxemics
- Dialectics
- Logistics
- Polemics
Proxemics
In psychoanalysis the movement of psychological content from the conscious to the unconsious mind in order to defend against discomfort is called
- Regression
- Remission
- Revision
- Repression
Repression
When counseling dying persons it is recommended to encourage each of the following EXCEPT
- Expression of anger
- Distractions from the reality of death
- Verbalization of anticipatory sadness
- Remembering of positive life achievements
Distractions from the reality of death
Which of the following developmental tasks is considered appropriate for young adults in their twenties?
- Forming an identity
- Establishing intimate personal relationships
- Building a legacy to leave to one’s heirs
- Consolidating an established career
Establishing intimate personal relationships
The passing of beliefs, behaviors & group characteristics from one generation to the next is a function of
- Culture
- Social studies
- Tribal awareness
- Pluralism
Culture
According to Freud the part of the personality that helps a person deal with reality is called
- The ego
- The id
- The superego
- The Oedipus complex
The Ego
According to Skinner the development of human behavior is most influenced by
- Hereditary influences
- Cognitive distinctions
- Observation of others
- Environmental contingencies
Environmental contingencies
If you wanted to test an idea about human development to determine its accuracy you would formulate it as
- A model
- A hypothesis
- A theory
- An axiom
A hypothesis
When an individual establishes values and practices that are different from his or her parents this is referred to as
- Homeostasis
- Maturation
- Regression
- Differentiation
Differentiation
Which of the following is an appropriate developmental task for middle age?
- Establishing an intimate relationship
- Ego differentiation
- Making a contribution to culture and society
- Constructing a legacy
Making a contribution to culture and society
According to Kohlberg, as children become older effective parenting methods should involve more:
- Confrontation
- Reasoning
- Punishment
- Positive reinforcement
Reasoning
Who coined the term ‘attachment’?
- Piaget
- Skinner
- Ainsworth
- Harlow
- Bowlby
Bowlby
Bobby takes two equal sized cups that are each full of water and pours one cup into a tall thin glass and one cup into a short wide glass. His ways of thinking inform him that taller means more, but also that water does not change just because it is poured from one container to another. If he discarded his conservationist logic and concluded that there was more water in the taller glass, his thinking would have been considered ________ according to Piaget.
- Formal operational
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete operational
Pre-operational
If Bobby in question 2 had maintained his belief that the water remains the same despite a change in the physical appearance caused by the different glasses, he would have been exercising the operation known as______.
- Conservation
- Seriation
- Accommodation
- Association
Conservation
Which of the following tasks describes a child’s intellectual accomplishment during Piaget’s concrete operational stage of development
- Developing symbolic processes (e.g., language)
- Think logically and form hypotheses
- Relate via senses and actions; taste and touch
- Apply operations to the manipulation of objects
Apply operations to the manipulation of objects
Bandura lists four sources of self-efficacy. The source of self-efficacy that stresses the importance of there being a similarity between the person and a model is ________.
- Social persuasion
- Vicarious learning
- Positive reinforcement
- Mastery learning
Vicarious learning
According to Bandura, all of the following are characteristics of a student with high self-efficacy EXCEPT______.
- Fosters intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in activities
- Dwells on personal deficiencies and obstacles
- Recovers sense of self-efficacy after failures or setbacks
- Approaches difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than threats to be avoided.
Dwells on personal deficiencies and obstacles
A teacher practices a fire drill with a class many times so that when a fire alarm rings they will know what to do immediately. In behavioral learning theory this is an example of ___________?
- Operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning
- Negative reinforcement
- Extinction
Classical conditioning
When “shaping” is used in teaching a new skill, it is important to:
- Reinforce successive approximations to the target behavior
- Reinforce positively rather than negatively
- Hold back reinforcements until students have mastered the skill
- Reinforce every response in order to encourage students to keep trying
Reinforce successive approximations to the target behavior
When a student failed to do a homework task, she had five points deducted. The student is trying to accumulate enough points to be allowed to watch a movie. This is an example of a teacher utilizing
- A token economy
- Positive reinforcement
- Shaping
- Response cost
A token economy
Students in one class prefer doing art to doing math. The teacher says that they will start the art lesson as soon as everyone has finished the math problems. This is an example of using
- Generalization
- Cueing and prompting
- A conditioned stimulus
- The Premack principle
The Premack principle
According to Piaget, children’s thinking develops as a function of
- Audible private speech
- Reinforcement
- Maturation
- Concrete operations
Maturation
Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his development of the stages of _______ development.
- Moral
- Intellectual
- Psychosocial
- Relational
Moral
_________ criticized Kohlberg because his theory left out aspects of women’s experience
- Karen Horney
- Laura Perls
- Valerie Walkerdine
- Carol Gilligan
Carol Gilligan
B.F. Skinner is best known for his ________ procedures.
- Classical conditioning
- Operant reinforcement
- Psychological testing
- Zone of proximal development
Operant reinforcement
In Erikson’s theory of the eight stages of human development, at what stage would people most likely encounter the psychological crisis of identity versus role confusion?
- Adolescence
- Young adult
- Elementary
- Pre-school
Adolescence
In Erikson’s theory of development the major psychological challenges of later adulthood are around
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Industry vs inferiority
- Ego integrity vs despair
Ego integrity vs despair
Who is known for the development of the idea of the mid-life crisis?
- Piaget
- Levinson
- Freud
- Kohlberg
Levinson
In social learning theory, learners are more likely to imitate the actions of others when
- The model is reinforced for their actions
- The models are seen as similar to oneself
- The models are more powerful and prestigious
- All of the above
All of the above
According to Vygotsky, we can expect new developments in a child’s thinking to take place
- On the individual level before it occurs on the social level
- On the social level before it occurs on the individual level
- In the child’s internal thinking before it enters the zone of proximal development
- In a linear sequence of stages
On the social level before it occurs on the individual level
Gilligan suggests that:
- Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is biased in favor of females
- women are morally challenged
- the highest stage of moral development involves decisions based on universal principles of justice
- In moral development people move from self-interest towards care for others
In moral development people move from self-interest towards care for others
In Erickson’s 8 stage theory of development, the 8th stage “integrity vs despair” presents the challenge of accepting the finality of life. Such acceptance is achieved by the person who ____
- Can distinguish between the various roles he or she has played
- Has reached a postconventional level of moral development
- Is economically independent
- Has met all the challenges of all the previous stages
Has met all the challenges of all the previous stages
For C.G. Jung, the concept of “individuation” means:
- Leaving home and establishing your own place to live
- Becoming a unique individual at any stage of life
- Parents treating each child differently
- Following your life script
Becoming a unique individual at any stage of life
Individuals should make decisions that are consistent with their personal beliefs and principles. This statement fits with which of the following of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
- Egotistic orientation
- Respect for authority
- Legalistic orientation
- Conscience orientation
Conscience orientation
Kohlberg’s theory includes 3 progressive levels culminating in
- Self-actualization
- Principled thought
- Androgyny
- Freedom from moral dilemmas
Principled thought
A counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules.
- Fixed ratio
- Variable ratio
- Fixed interval
- Variable interval
Variable ratio
Competitiveness between children in the same family is known as _________
- Oedipal conflict
- The Electra complex
- Individuation
- Sibling rivalry
Sibling rivalry
Counseling is based on the idea of healthy human growth occurring naturally. The role of the counselor is to
- Remove barriers to naturally occurring development
- Remove negative influences in a client’s life
- Learn about appropriate values and behaviors on the client’s behalf
- Influence the client towards healthy behavior
Remove barriers to naturally occurring development
Lewin suggests that healthy development moves towards all of the following EXCEPT:
- More complex personality structure
- Greater self differentiation
- Simpler cognitive complexity
- Expanded time perception
Simpler cognitive complexity
Which is considered to be the most stressful for clients?
- Beginning a new school
- Going on vacation
- Changing residence
- Death of a spouse
Death of a spouse
Within the context of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, ________ needs supercede all others
- Safety
- Esteem
- Belongingness
- Physiological
Physiological
Adler focused most on:
- Psychological weaknesses
- Social urges
- Psychosexual urges
- Cognitive structures
Social urges
The stage of life in which adults often question their existing lifestyle and attempt to make changes is called the ________ transition.
- Early adult
- Midlife
- Settling down
- Retirement
Midlife
Some counselors follow a moral development theory that is specifically geared towards females, which was developed by
- Gilligan
- Piaget
- Kohlberg
- Moss
Gilligan
Piaget was primarily concerned with
- Social development
- Moral development
- Physical development
- Cognitive development
Cognitive development
In the ‘synergistic stage’ of racial identity development, the person who is a member of a racial minority group
- Adopts the worldview of the dominant culture
- Has previously held beliefs disconfirmed
- Fully understands the heritage of the minority group
- Adopts a pluralistic worldview
Adopts a pluralistic worldview
In social learning theory, the client’s imitative behaviors of a model person are more likely to occur when the client
- Identifies closely with the model
- Sees themselves as different from the model
- Is above average in intelligence
- Is high in self-esteem
Identifies closely with the model
Inappropriate stereotypes of older persons include which of the following?
- They are the fastest growing segment of society
- They mostly live in nursing homes
- Most of them are resource-poor
- Many experience problems associated with polypharmacy
They mostly live in nursing homes
In Loevinger’s Impulsive Stage of ego development, the child separates from parents by an exercise of will. A primary characteristic of this stage is:
- The child is cooperative but independent
- The child lacks impulse control
- The child is unconcerned with sexuality
- The child follows parental rules closely
The child lacks impulse control
An insurance company wants to know if a client has a phobia or an anxiety reaction. The distinction between the two is
- That age at which the symptoms started
- How easily the symptoms were eliminated
- How specific the source of the fear was
- How frequently the symptoms are experienced
How specific the source of the fear was
A basic principle of human development is that a person’s functioning
- Develops through interactions among human organism subsystems
- Develops separately in terms of emotion and cognition
- Moves towards more concrete perspectives on the world
- Is completely developed by age 30
Develops through interactions among human organism subsystems
