human defence responses

Question 1

what are the lines of defence against the entry of pathogens?

Answer 1

the skin, the nose, the bronchi, and the stomach

Question 2

what do ur white blood cells do?

Answer 2

they help to defend u against pathogens by ingesting them and by making antibodies and antitoxins

Question 3

what can plants be affected by?

Answer 3

viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens as well as insect pests.

Question 4

how can plants be damaged?

Answer 4

by a range of ion deficiency conditions

Question 5

how can plant diseases be detected?

Answer 5

by a range of symptoms and identified in a number of ways, including gardening manuals and labatory tests, some involving monoclonal antibodies.

Question 6

name physical plant defences against invasion by microorganisms.

Answer 6

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles, and layers of bark or dead cells (dead leaves) which fall off.

Question 7

what are some chemical defences?

Answer 7

antibacterial chemicals and poisons to deter herbivores.

Question 8

name some mechanical adaptions against herbivores

Answer 8

thorns and hairs, leaves that droop or curl when touched, and mimicry to trick animals