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Brain & Behavior 2 > Human communication > Flashcards

Human communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Geschwind’s area is associated with which aphasia?

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

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2
Q

Language is lateral: please mention what the left and right hemispheres are involved in.

A
  • Left hemisphere: primary site of speech comprehension and production
  • Right hemisphere: involved in the control of prosody (patterns of stress and intonation in a language)
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3
Q

What is this: Difficulty in producing or comprehending speech, not because of deafness or simple motor deficit caused by brain damage

A

Aphasia

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4
Q

Are motor deficits aphasia?

A

No, the patient has difficulty comprehending, repeating, or producing meaningful speech

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5
Q

Identify the aphasia:
Right: Picture of a boy being hit in the head by a baseball
Wrong: The boy is catch… the boy is hitch… the boy is hit the ball.

A

Broca’s aphasia

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6
Q

Define Broca’s aphasia.

A
  • Often mispronounce words but can find meaningful ones.
  • Can comprehend speech better than producing it.
  • Slow, laborious non -fluent speech
  • Content words > function words
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7
Q

What’re the 3 characteristics of broca’s aphasia?

A

1) Agrammatism: difficulty comprehending
2) Anomia: difficulty in finding the appropriate word
3) Extreme difficulty in speech articulation

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8
Q

Identify the aphasia.: Characterized by poor speech comprehension and production of meaningless speech. Speech is unlabored and fluent

A

Wernicke’s

-Do not often use content words

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9
Q

Identify the aphasia:
- Never, now mista oyge I wanna tell you this happened when happened when he rent. His - his kell come down here and is - …

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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10
Q

What are the three characteristics of wernicke’s aphasia?

A

1) Recognition of spoken words
2) Comprehension of the meaning of words
3) Ability to convert thoughts into words

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11
Q

What is damaged in pure word deafness?

A

Damage to left superior temporal lobe

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12
Q

What defines pure word deafness?

A

Impairment in recognizing words (comprehension would affect written words)
- Does not understand speech, recognize non-speech sounds (barking, honking)

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13
Q

Where is the lesion for transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

The damage extends past Wernicke’s area into a region that surrounds posterior part of the lateral fissure where temporal, occipital and parietal lobes converge
- Damage to Geschwind’s area

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14
Q

Define the aphasia: difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can repeat the speech

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

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15
Q

What lesion exists for the transcortical motor aphasia?

A

Lesion to frontal lobe proximal to Broca’s area

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16
Q

Define the aphasia: difficulty making speech and but can comprehend and repeat speech. Impaired fluency but intact comprehension and repetition.

A

Transcortical motor aphasia

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17
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

1) Recognition of spoken word (PWD)
2) Comprehension of the meaning of words (TSA)
3) Ability to convert thoughts into words

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18
Q

What defines conduction aphasia?

A

Meaningful fluent speech, good comprehension but poor repetition

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19
Q

What lesions exist for individuals with conduction aphasia?

A

The connection between BA and WA lesioned but between BA and GA intact

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20
Q

Finish the chart of the arcuate fasciculus.

1) Long segment: BA to ___
2) Anterior segment: BA to ___
3) Posterior segment: ___ to GA

A

1) BA to WA
2) BA to GA
3) WA to GA

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21
Q

What is an anomia?

A

Difficulty in finding the appropriate word to describe an object, action or attribute

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22
Q

Which aphasia is this: patients can understand what other people said and their response makes perfect sense.

A

Anomic aphasia

23
Q

Identify the aphasia: It’s a woman who has two children, a son and a daughter… cupboard in the kitchen to get out (take) some … cookies out of the (cookie jar)…

A

Anomic aphasia

24
Q

Where are the lesions for anomic aphasia?

A

Lesions to the anterior and posterior parts of the brain

25
Q

What are the characteristics of anomic aphasia?

A

1) Fluet, good comprehension and repetition
2) Decreased output of nouns
3) Word-finding difficulties
4) Alexia and agraphia may be present

26
Q

Define averbia.

A
  • Anomia for verbs
27
Q

Name the location of lesions for averbia.

A

Damage to frontal lobe (in and around Broca’s area)

28
Q

Where is the lesion for aphasia in deaf people?

A

Lesions in left hemisphere

29
Q

What is so powerful about aphasia in deaf people

A
  • Broca’s area has mirror neurons

- Suggests that Broca’s area is still the language area for deaf people signing in sign language

30
Q

What is stuttering?

A

Frequent pauses, prolongation of sounds or syllables or words that disrupt the normal flow of speech
- Often occurs at the beginning of a sentence

31
Q

Why does stuttering occur?

A
  • Right IFG stops the flow of speech and the left one supports it
  • For stutterers, these two areas are conversely activated
32
Q

What is pure alexia?

A

Loss of ability to read without the loss of the ability to write

33
Q

What’s the damage of pure alexia?

A

Visual association cortex of the left hemisphere

34
Q

What is step 1 for pure alexia lesions?

A

Lesions to the left primary visual cortex

  • Produces blindness to the right visual field
  • Slower reading
35
Q

What is step 2 for pure alexia lesions?

A

Lesions to left posterior corpus callosum

- Cannot read

36
Q

What is an alternative lesion for pure alexia?

A

Damage to the VWFA (visual word form area)

- Cannot read

37
Q

Define: Reading by recognizing a word as a whole (sight reading). See familiar word, recognize it, pronounce it.

A

Whole-word reading

38
Q

Define: Reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings: sound reading.

A

Phonetic reading

39
Q

Define: __ is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words

A

Dyslexia

40
Q

Dyslexia can be 2 things.

A

1) Acquired

2) Developments

41
Q

What is surface dyslexia?

A

The deficit in whole-word reading

- Errors related to the visual appearance of the word to the pronunciation rules but not to the meaning of the word

42
Q

Define. Deficit in phonetic reading. Can read by whole-word method but cannot sound out words. Have difficulty figuring out how to read unfamiliar words or pronounceable non-words

A

Phonological dyslexia

43
Q

Where are the lesions for phonological dyslexia?

A

WWR follows ventral stream to fusiform gyrus at the base of the temporal lobe

44
Q

What is direct dyslexia?

A

A person can read words aloud without understanding them

45
Q

Where is the damage for direct dyslexia?

A

Affects left frontal and temporal lobes

46
Q

What is developmental dyslexia?

A

Have difficulty writing, make spelling errors, show poor spatial arrangement, omit letters and grammatical errors present

47
Q

What is the concordance rate for monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins?

A

Mono: 84-100%
Diz: 20-35%

48
Q

Dyslexia: what has a decreased activation and what has a hyper-activation?

A
  • in VWFA, left temporoparietal and occipitotemporal cortex

+: left inferior cortex including BA

49
Q

Define. Writing depends on knowledge of the words that are to be written along with the proper grammatical structure of the sentences they are to form.

A

Dysgraphia

50
Q

What is phonological dysgraphia?

A

Unable to sound out words and write them phonetically

51
Q

What is lesioned for phonological dysgraphia?

A

BA, ventral motor strip, insula

52
Q

Define. Disorder of visually based writing can only sound out words, so they are good at writing regular words

A

Orthographic dysgraphia

53
Q

Where is the lesion for orthographic dysgraphia?

A

Caused by damage to the VWFA

54
Q

Define. Possess both whole word writing and phonetic writing but unable to comprehend what was written

A

Semantic agraphia

Brain & Behavior 2 (5 decks)

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