HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Where are the right locations to auscultate a person?

Answer 1

AV valves:

1) mitral valve: (5th left intercostal space, id-clavicular line “apex of the heart”)
2) tricuspid valve: (5th left intercostal space, left sternal border)

Semilunar valves:

1) aortic valve: (2nd intercostal space, right sternal margin)
2) pulmonic valve: (2nd intercostal space, left sternal margin)

Question 2

Heart sounds are an effect of!

Answer 2

1) 1st sound “lup” closure of AV valves (after QRS wave)
2) 2nd sound “dup” closure of semilunar valves (after T wave)

Question 3

What are the different types of pulses?

Answer 3

Pulse is the alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occurs with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle, there are two types:

1) peripheral pulse
2) apical pulse

Question 4

What are the different pulse points?

Answer 4

1) temporal
2) common carotid
3) apical
4) brachial
5) radial
6) femoral
7) popliteal
8) posterior tibial
9) dorsalis pedis

Question 5

How to calculate the pulse deficit?

Answer 5

Auscultate the apical heart rate and palpate the peripheral pulse, substrate the peripheral pulse from the apical pulse and the reminder is the pulse defict

Question 6

What is blood pressure?

Answer 6

It is the force exerted by the blood on the arterial wall during a cardiac cycle there are two types of pressure:

1) systolic pressure: the pressure at the peak of the left ventricular contraction
2) diastolic pressure: pressure during the relaxation of the left ventricles

The force of the blood is the cardiac output “CO” = stroke volume (SV) * heart rate (HR)

While the BP = CO (SV*HR) * arterial resistance (TRP)