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ATPL HPL > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton for

A

Structural strength

Creates body cavities for organ placement

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2
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A

Thick walls
Carries oxygenated blood
High pressure blood
No valves

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3
Q

Characteristics of arterials

A

Extensions off arteries which can store blood

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4
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Thin walls
Deoxygenated blood
Valves

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5
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Walls 1 cell thick
Gaseous exchange
Diffusion
Covering alveoli

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6
Q

What are muscles for

A

Attached to the skeleton via tendons allowing movement and posture control

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7
Q

Characteristics of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen
Contains haemoglobin
No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin

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8
Q

What are white blood cells for

A

To give immunity

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are Platelets for

A

Clotting (closes wounds)

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10
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Body used feedback and control mechanisms to maintain a stable environment

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11
Q

What % of the body is made up of water

A

65%

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system comprise of

A

Starts at the brain works out to the rest of the body

Involved spinal chord and brain

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13
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system

A

Senses travel from sense receptors to brain

Consists of nerves and ganglia (clusters of nerves)

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14
Q

Normal speed in the motor neurone

A

0.5m/s

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15
Q

Fast speed of the motor neurone

A

100m/s

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16
Q

What state are the sodium / potassium pumps in when at rest

A

Open

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17
Q

What 2 branches does the peripheral nervous system slit into

A

Somatic nervous system (movement)

Autonomic nervous system (automatic body functions)

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18
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A 
Breathing 
Homeostasis 
Blinking 
Reflex 
Heart rate
Blood pressure
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19
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic division (fight or flight )

Parasympathetic (return body to normal state)

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20
Q

What must a sense be above the stimulate a response

A

Sensory threshold

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21
Q

What is an absolute threshold

A

The minimum level of stimulation To trigger a response

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22
Q

What will frequent exposure to a stimulation cause

A

Habituation

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23
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Chemical messages
Hormones

Slower - multiple cells stimulated at once as a result

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24
Q

What is a proprioceptor

A

Detect and relay precise info about the length of extensions of each muscle

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25
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor

A

Gives precise info about the amount of tension in a muscle

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26
Q

Where does the reflex generate its response

A

The motor nerve in the spinal chord

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27
Q

What is a subcutaneous pressure receptor

A

Found under the skin to orientate you to your surroundings (ie sitting on a chair)

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28
Q

Why is partial pressure important for breathing

A

Partial pressure is required to “force” the oxygen through the alveoli and into the bloodstream

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29
Q

At msl what is the total pressure in MMHg

A

760

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30
Q

At msl what is the oxygen partial pressure in mmgh

A

160

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31
Q

At what altitude is total pressure and oxygen partial pressure half

A

18,000

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32
Q

What is the difference in pressure between the inside of the lungs and the outside atmospheric pressure

A

47mmgh

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33
Q

What law is associated with hypoxia

A

Dalton’s law

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34
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia

A

Not enough pressure to push oxygen through the alveoli

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35
Q

What is anaemic by hypoxia

A

Not enough haemoglobin in the blood to carry oxygen

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36
Q

What is the supplementary oxygen requirement from 0-10,000 feet

A

No requirement

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37
Q

What is the supplementary oxygen requirement above 10,000

A

Supplementary oxygen required

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38
Q

What is the supplementary oxygen requirement from 10,000 - 33,700 feet

A

Increasing % of oxygen required to be supplied

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39
Q

What is the supplementary oxygen requirement from 33,700 - 40,000 feet

A

100% oxygen required

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40
Q

What supplementary oxygen is required above 40,000 feet

A

Pressurised oxygen required

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41
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoxia

A 
Blue lips / fingers
Confusion 
Dizziness 
Lack of control 
Feeling happy
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42
Q

At what altitude do you begin to lost night vision

A

5000 feet

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43
Q

What factors effect hypoxia

A 
Health 
Smoking
Age 
Obesity 
Fatigue 
Rate of decompression
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44
Q

What hypoxia zone is vision affected

A

Indifferent zone

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45
Q

What hypoxia zone does homeostasis provide some protection

A

Compensatory zone

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46
Q

What hypoxia zone do common symptoms start to take affect

A

Disturbance zone

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47
Q

What hypoxia zone can homeostasis no longer cope

A

Critical zone

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48
Q

What hypoxia threshold is night vision affected

A

Reaction threshold

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49
Q

What hypoxia threshold is homeostasis trying to fight hypoxia

A

Disturbance threshold

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50
Q

What hypoxia threshold does incapacitation with loss of consciousness occur

A

Critical threshold

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51
Q

What is the time of useful consciousness

A

The time available for a person to still efficiently and effectively mentally and physically preform from point of not having adequate oxygen supply

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52
Q

What is the time of useful consciousness at 20,000 feet

A

30 mins at rest

5 mins of moderate activity

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53
Q

What is the time of useful consciousness at 30,000 feet

A

1-2 mins at rest

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54
Q

What is the time of useful consciousness at 35,000 feet

A

30-90 seconds

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55
Q

What is the time of useful consciousness at 40,000 feet

A

15-20 seconds

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56
Q

What is the first part of the mouth that air meets

A

The pharynx

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57
Q

What (in the mouth) does the air meet second

A

Larynx

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58
Q

What is the tube in the throat called

A

Trachea

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59
Q

What does the trachea turn into

A

Branches into 2 bronchi which get thinner until it turns into the alveoli

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60
Q

What is the max king volume

A

6 litres

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61
Q

What is the lungs residual volume

A

1.4 litres

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62
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

5 litres/ minute

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63
Q

How many breathing cycles per min

A

12-20
10-15
16-20

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64
Q

What can cause problems with breathing

A

Smoking
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation

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65
Q

What is hyperventilation

A

Not retaining enough co2

Which contains carbonic acid

Which means the ph of the blood goes up

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66
Q

What is the blood ph during hyperventilation

A

Alkaline

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67
Q

How to cure hyperventilation

A

Breath into a paper bag

Encourage “positive” breathing

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68
Q

What can cause hyperventilation

A 
Panic
Stress 
Fear 
Pressure breathing 
Pain 
Altitude / mountain climbing
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69
Q

Symptoms of hyperventilation

A 
Dizziness 
Tingling in hand and feet
Nausea 
Blurred vision 
Muscular spasms 
Unconsciousness
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70
Q

If you breath 100% oxygen @40,000 feet what altitude does it feel like

A

10,000 feet

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71
Q

Breathing oxygen at 33,700 feet feels like what height

A

Sea level

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72
Q

What is the law of diffusion

A

Gasses travel a concentration gradient

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73
Q

What is anaemia

A

Low number of red blood cells or reduced haemoglobin levels

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74
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation go

A

The lungs

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75
Q

Where does systemic circulation go

A

Whole body except the lungs

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76
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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77
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs

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78
Q

What are the upper 2 chambers of the heart called

A

Atria and accumulators

79
Q

What are the lower 2 chambers of the heart called

A

Ventricles

80
Q

What is the ventricle responsible for

A

Primary pumping system

81
Q

What is the pulse rate

A

Number of contractions per minute

82
Q

What nervous system is the pulse rate controlled by

A

Autonomic nervous system

83
Q

What is the pulse rate affected by

A 
Adrenalin 
Breathing rate 
Glucose 
Temperature 
Digestion
84
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped by the heart

85
Q

What is the average stroke volume

A

70ml per minute

86
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Blockage of the coronary arteries and veins

Causes by fatty deposits, cholesterol

87
Q

What is angina

A

Pain associated with coronary heart disease

88
Q

What is a heart attack

A

Total blockage of coronary artery leading to death of that piece of the heart

89
Q

Symptoms of a heart attack

A 
Tingling in the left arm
Heavy breathing 
Cold sweat
Pale 
Chest pain
90
Q

What is a cardiac arrest

A

Where the heart stops completely

91
Q

Factors affecting a heart attack

A

Number 1 is family history

Smoking 
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol 
Lack of exercise  
Diabetes
92
Q

What multiple of oxygen is carbon monoxide more attracted to haemoglobin

A

200-250

93
Q

What is the physiological altitude of smokers

A

4/5000 feet

94
Q

How does smoking affect useful consciousness time

A

Reduces by half

95
Q

Where are baroreceptors and what do they do

A

Downstream of the brain and sense blood pressure to maintain homeostasis

96
Q

Giving blood has the following effects

A

Possibility of fainting (syncope)

More likely to get hypoxia

97
Q

How long after giving blood do You need to wait before flying

A

24 hours

98
Q

what precautions to take when giving blood

A

Seek medical advice from a ame before you go

Lying down (supine)

Drink plenty of fluids

99
Q

Main parts of the visual system

A

Cortex
Optic nerve
Eye

100
Q

What is a diopters

A

Unit of refractive power of the lense (16-30 diopters)

101
Q

What fluid does the tear duct release

A

Antibacterial

102
Q

What muscles control the eye movement

A

The extraocular muscles (6 in each eye)

103
Q

What is the rest ‘jerk’ period of a eyes movement called

A

Saccade which lasts 1/3 of a second

104
Q

What controls focusing (_accommodation)

A

The ciliary muscles

105
Q

How does the lenses in the eye change for distance

A

Further away the object the flatter / thinner the lense

106
Q

What effects accommodation (focusing)

A

Age and fatigue

107
Q

What are the cones used for

A 
Seeing colour 
Bright light 
Central vision 
Most detail 
Photopic vision
108
Q

What area do cones cover and how many cones are there

A

1° wise and there are 150,000 cones/ mm^2

109
Q

What do the rods do

A

Night vision (scoptic)
Peripheral vision
Sensitive to movement not detail

110
Q

How long does it take to adapt from dark to light

A

10 seconds

111
Q

How long does it take for the eyes to adapt from light to dark

A

Cones around 7 mins

Rods around 30 mins

112
Q

What affects night vision

A 
Tiredness 
Altitude of cabin 
Brightens 
Oxygen levels 
Age 
Smoking 
Alcohol 
Vitamin a
113
Q

How do you optimise night vision

A

Spend time adapting to new light level
Avoid blinding light
Look to the side of objects

114
Q

What vision is the ability to interpret alpha numerical data confined to

A

Central

115
Q

How much does visual acuity drop by 25° from the fovea

A

10th

116
Q

What is the visual field of each eye

A

120° left and right

150° up and down

117
Q

When is binocular vision useful

A

To sense depth of close object less than 1m

118
Q

What is stereoscopic vision for

A

Depth perception of object up to 200ft away (60m)

119
Q

What physical factors helps depth perception

A 
Colour 
Size 
Contrast 
Motion 
Overlaps
120
Q

What is empty field myopia

A

When the eyes naturally rest 1-2 m ahead due to nothing to focus on

121
Q

How do you prevent empty field myopia

A

Keep moving eyes
Scan
Look at wing tip
Look at clouds

122
Q

What causes a visual blind spot

A

The optic nerve at the back of the eye

123
Q

What is monocular vision and what effect does it have

A

Vision with just one eye

Loses depth perception

124
Q

What is myopia

A

Short sightedness
Eye is longer than normal
Diverging / concave lense needed

125
Q

What is hypermetropia

A

Long sightedness
Eye ball shorter than normal
Converging / convex lense required

126
Q

What is presbyopia

A

Lense in eye can’t focus due to age

Usually develops into hypermetropia (long sightedness)

127
Q

What is astigmatism

A

Irregular lense or cornea shape

128
Q

What is cataracts

A

Lense in eye is cloudy white

129
Q

What is glaucoma

A

Too much vitreous humour in the eye if drainage duct is blocked and eye ball keeps filling up
Pressure builds

130
Q

What happens when your colour deficient

A

One / 2 / 3 of your red blue or green cones don’t work

131
Q

What causes flash blindness

A

Lasers

Lighting

132
Q

How to counteract flash blindness

A

If flying in lightning turn flight displays up to full brightness

Sunglasses

133
Q

What is the caa requirement for all glasses wearers

A

Carry a spare pair

134
Q

When wearing contact lenses you must

A

Carry glasses as well

135
Q

Problems with contact lenses

A

Due to low humidity = dry eyes

Tiredness
Can become dislodged
Can starve cornea of oxygen

136
Q

Requirements for sunglasses

A 
Cut out uv 
Always wear sunglasses at high altitudes 
Spare pair should be carried 
Should be;
- impact resistant 
- have metal frames 
- be coated with polycarbonate 
- allow 10-15% of light through 
- appropriate filtration characteristics
137
Q

What equalises pressure between the middle and outer ear

A

The Eustachian tube

138
Q

What is the human hearing range

A

20-20,000 hz

139
Q

What is noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)

A

Damaging the membrane in the cochlea

Caused by over exposure to noise 90db or more

140
Q

What happens at 120 decibels

A

Start to feel discomfort in the ear

141
Q

What happens at 140 decibels

A

Ears become painful

142
Q

What happens at 160 decibels

A

Ruptured ear drum

143
Q

What is conductive hearing loss

A

Failure of the;

  • ear drum
  • bones
  • cochlea

Excessive ear wax
Infection (swelling)

144
Q

Presbycusis

A

Hearing loss with age

145
Q

What is tinnitus

A

Constant ringing in ears

146
Q

What do the 3 semi circular canals of the vestibular system measure

A

Yaw
Roll
Pitch

Angular acceleration
Filled with liquid
Lined with hairs

147
Q

What do the otoliths of the vestibular system measure

A

Linear acceleration

148
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Part of the brain responsible for balance

Inputs = vestibular system
Eyes
Pressure receptors

149
Q

What is somatogravic illusion

A

Not able to tell the difference between horizontal acceleration and pitching up

150
Q

What is the somatogyral illusion

A

Where after turning for a period of time, you are unable to detect a turn anymore as the hairs of the ampulla return to their straight up position

151
Q

What causes “the leans”

A

The somatogyral illusion

Or

A roll rate so low that the hairs in the ampulla don’t detect the roll

152
Q

What is the Coriolis illusion

A

When moving head during a manoeuvre can cause the sense of violent rolling or pitching

153
Q

What is vertigo

A

A disorder of the vestibular system usually brought on by alcohol

Or blocked Eustachian tubes
Or different accelerations

Tumbling or dizzy feeling

154
Q

On average how much higher is the altitude inside the cabin at the initial drop in pressure during decompression

A

5000feet

155
Q

What causes decompression sickness and what gas law is it

A

Henry’s law

Rapid drop in pressure causes nitrogen to be released from cells

156
Q

What are symptoms of decompression sickness

A

The bends (nitrogen bubbles in joints)

The creeps ( rash) (bubbles moving under skin

The staggers (nitrogen bubbles in brain) (loss of coordination)

The chokes (nitrogen bubbles in capillaries around alveoli) (less able to breath)

157
Q

At what height is decompression sickness unlikely to occur under

A

14,000

158
Q

At what height is decompression sickness likely to occur over

A

18,000

159
Q

How long must you wait before flying after diving with compressed air at less than 30feet depth

A

12 hours

160
Q

How long must you wait before flying if diving with compressed air at a depth greater than 30feet

A

24 hours

161
Q

How to prevent decompression sickness

A

Pre-oxygenate before flight (breath pure oxygen) to flush out nitrogen

162
Q

3 different types of acceleration

A

Linear - straight line

Radial (centripetal) around axis
external to you (in spins) (has greatest physiological effect

Transverse - angular acceleration (axis through pilots body)

163
Q

Factors reducing our g-tolerance

A 
Alcohol
Tiredness 
Body shape / obesity 
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Smoking
Obesity 
Hypoxia 
Stress 
Hyperventilation 
Hypoglycaemia 
Heat
164
Q

How to increase our tolerance to g force

A

Hold breath

Strain legs / abdominals (can be done by coughing or screaming)

Bend forward

G suit

Repeated exposure

165
Q

What’s are the symptoms of about 2G

A

Head and limbs start to feel heavy

Above 2.5 g limbs become hard to move

166
Q

What are the symptoms of 3-4G

A

Skin pulled downwards

Blood pools in lower legs

Decrease in blood to eyes results in loss of vision

167
Q

What are the symptoms of +4 G

A

Feel fatigued

Without strain body becomes slumped forward

Difficulty breathing

168
Q

What are the symptoms of +5 G

A

Black out

G-LOC

169
Q

What negative g can the body tolerate

A

Only around -2/-3 G

170
Q

What is the stroboscopic effect

A

Flashes of light into the eye >5 flashes/second

Happens when sun shines through sep propellor
Or strobes at wing tips

171
Q

How can stroboscopic effect be stopped

A

Looking away

Sunglasses

Turn lights off

172
Q

What is Otic barotrauma

A

Differences between the ear drum and outside air pressure caused by a blocked Eustachian tube

173
Q

What are the damaging effects of otic barotrauma

A

Potential eardrum rupture

Or hearing loss

174
Q

What is sinus barotrauma

A

Where the sinuses are blocked by mucus / infection so can’t equalise pressure between sinuses and outside pressure

175
Q

What is gastric barotrauma

A

Trapped grass in the digestion system

176
Q

What is aerodontalgia

A

Trapped gasses in teeth cavities

177
Q

Why is the ozone damaging and where is it found

A

Solar radiation damages oxygen causing O2 to become O3

Found in the stratosphere between 40-75,000 feet

178
Q

What are the symptoms of ozone poisoning

A 
Dry eyes 
Dry nose 
Dry throat 
Dry skin 
Headaches 
Nausea 
Coughing 
Impaired vision 
Emphysema (damaging lung tissue)
Death
179
Q

What must be done to keep track of galactic and solar radiation exposure

A

Above 49,000 feet records must be kept

180
Q

What can galactic radiation cause

A

Cancer and birth defects

181
Q

What can solar radiation effect

A

Sunburn

Skin cancer

Damage CNS and organs

182
Q

What are ossicles

A

Middle ear bones that vibrate with sound

“Oscillate”

183
Q

What does the fovea consist of

A

Comes only

184
Q

What does PSN consist of

A

Motor and sensory nerves only

185
Q

What is the severity of hypoxia dependant on

A

Rate of decompression

Physical fitness

Flight level

Individual tolerance

186
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading

A

120/80mmhg

187
Q

Decompression sickness may occur from what rate of climb and exceeding what height

A

More than 500 ft/min and exceeding 18,000ft

188
Q

What does blood pressure depend on

A

Pulse rate
Peripheral resistance
Elasticity of the arterial walls
Blood volume and viscosity

189
Q

Hypoxia at altitude is explained by which law

A

Daltons

190
Q

Conductive bearing loss can be cause by

A

Damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma

Damage to the auditory nerve

Obstruction in the auditory duct

191
Q

Visual disturbances can be caused by

A

Hyperventilation
Hypoxia
Fatigue

192
Q

What term is given for when the image forms infront of the retina

A

Shortsightedness

Myopia

193
Q

What is a high source of vitamin A

A

Butter
Eggs
Cheese
Fruits

194
Q

What do vibrations do to eyeballs

A

Cause blurred vision due to resonance oscillations of the eyeballs

ATPL HPL (6 decks)

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