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ATPL HPL > Higher Functions And Perception > Flashcards

Higher Functions And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

Controls our sleep / awake periods

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2
Q

What is the endogenous circadian rhythm

A

The 24 hour body rhythm controlled by zeitgebers

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3
Q

What are zeitgebers

A

External factors that control the circadian rhythm

Sunrise sunset
Meal patterns

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4
Q

What is the free running circadian rhythm

A

25 hour cycle

Only happens when not effected by any zeitgebers

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5
Q

What body temperature makes it difficult to sleep

A

High body temp

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6
Q

What is a circadian High

A

High body temperature usually around 6pm ish

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7
Q

What is a circadian low

A

Lowest body temp usually around 4/5am ish

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8
Q

What is the most important internal factor affecting circadian rhythm

A

Body temperature

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9
Q

How many sleep credits do we get for every hour of sleep

A

2 sleep credits

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10
Q

what is the maximum number of sleep credits

A

16 sleep credits (8 hours of sleep)

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11
Q

How many sleep credits do you lose when awake

A

-1 sleep credit per hour

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12
Q

What reduces your sleep credits

A

Waking up early / disturbed sleep

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13
Q

What happens when you run out of sleep credits

A

Sleep debits/ deficits

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14
Q

At what rate do you accumulate sleep debits

A

1 debit / hour

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15
Q

How much sleep do you need to recover from a sleep debit

A

2x as much sleep do recover from 1 debit

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16
Q

What are he affects of sleep debits

A 
Fatigue 
Moody 
Irritable 
Weak 
Reduced performance/concentration 
Increased errors 
More prone to illusions
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17
Q

What is the biggest danger in sleep debits

A

You might not realise performance is degrading

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18
Q

What measures brain activity

A

EEG

Electroencephalogram

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19
Q

What is the first stage of sleep

A

Drowsiness

Light sleep

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20
Q

What is the second stage of sleep

A

Light sleep

Short periods of fast eeg

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21
Q

What stage do you spend 50% of your time when asleep

A

Stage 2

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22
Q

What are stages 3/4 in sleep

A

Orthodox sleep / slow wave sleep

Deep sleep

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23
Q

What is stage 5 of sleep

A

Rapid eye movement (R.E.M.) / paradosicle

Eyes move behind eye lids
Dream stage
EEG in R.E.M. sleep is same as awake
Muscles paralysed to stop is acting out dreams

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24
Q

What is orthodox sleep

A

Stage 3/4

Body and cells recovering from the day / repairing

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25
Q

What is paradoxical sleep

A

Stage 5

Strengthens / organises memory

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26
Q

What is the rebound effect

A

Body / brains ability to determine how much orthodox/ paradox sleep is needed each night

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27
Q

How long is the time between falling asleep and the first R.E.M.

A

90 mins

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28
Q

What does the period of R.E.M. sleep do as the night goes on

A

Increases

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29
Q

How many R.E.M. sleep do you get a night

A

5 periods

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30
Q

What is the minimum duration for a nap to be restorative

A

10 mins

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31
Q

How long after a nap will you have slow responses

A

5 mins

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32
Q

How long after a nap will it take overall performance to restore to normal

A

20 mins

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33
Q

If you’re having a nap in a flight deck how long should you be awake before approach / decent starts

A

1 hour

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34
Q

What is microsleeps

A

Last a fraction of a second / few seconds

Might not be aware you’ve had one

No restorative properties

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35
Q

What is the other names for jet lag

A

Transmeridian desynchronisation

Circadian dysrhythmia

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36
Q

What does different time zones mean for the circadian rhythm

A

Out of sync as zeitgebers change

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37
Q

What direction is worst affected by jet lag

A

“West is best”

Therefor east is worst

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38
Q

What are the guidelines for recovery time from jet lag

A

1 day to recover for each time zone crossed

1 day for every 90 mins of jet lag

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39
Q

What is the formula for jet lag recovery

A

There isn’t one it is independent for every person

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40
Q

How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in s location for over 24 hours

A

Adjust as soon as possible to new time zone

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41
Q

How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in a location for less than 24 hours

A

Stay on your home time zone

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42
Q

How do you minimise jet lag if you are staying in a location for 24 hours

A

Nap when you first arrive, plan for have long sleep (8 hours) before next duty time

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43
Q

How to get best sleep you can

A 
Don’t use sleeping pills 
Avoid alcohol / caffeine 
Don’t exercise before sleep 
Avoid mapping just before sleep 
Relaxation techniques / meditate 
Drink warm milky drinks 
Make room cold 
Make sure bed is comfy 
Use black out curtains
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44
Q

What just a crews attitude to sleep be

A

A crews attitude to sleep must be proactive

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45
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

Fall asleep anytime anywhere

Doesn’t need any sleep debits

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46
Q

What is sleep apnoea

A

Stop breathing during sleep

Disrupted sleep

Very tired

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47
Q

What is somnambulism

A

Sleep walking

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48
Q

What is somniloquism

A

Sleep talking

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49
Q

What is insomnia situational

A

Unable to sleep because of jet lag / uncomfy / too hot

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50
Q

What is insomnia clinical

A

Inability to sleep even when I’m that phase of circadian rhythm for sleep

Causes = stress anxiety

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51
Q

What sleeping pills can you use

A

NON UNLESS UNDER DIRECT INSTRUCTION FROM AME

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52
Q

What is fatigue

A

Extreme tiredness from mental / physical exertion or illness

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53
Q

What is acute fatigue

A

Short Term and quite normal

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54
Q

What causes acute fatigue

A

Over worked
Jet lag
Working patterns
Excitement (like a child at Christmas)

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55
Q

What can acute fatigue cause

A 
Reduced performance / concentration 
More error prone 
Feeling tired / irritable 
Increased reaction times 
Reduced visual acuity 
Impaired judgement 
Fixation (tunnelling of attention)
Reverse to old habits “reversion”
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56
Q

What is acute fatigue cured by

A

Sleep

Relaxation time

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57
Q

What is chronic fatigue

A

Associated with psychological issues

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58
Q

What causes chronic fatigue

A

Stressed
Anxiety
Underlying illness

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59
Q

What effect does chronic fatigue have

A

Wear and tear on the body
Digestive problems
Cardiovascular problems
Psychological / emotional problems

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60
Q

If you feel you are suffering from fatigue what should you do

A

Deem yourself unfit to fly

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61
Q

How to avoid manage fatigue

A

Get enough sleep
Nap
Accept if it’s a problem
Keep active mentally and physically

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62
Q

What is stress

A

Reaction / non specific response of the body that can be physiological/ psychological to demands / threats placed on a person

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63
Q

When do you encounter stress

A

Every day

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64
Q

What does encountering stressful situations do

A

Enables you to adapt and learn to manage certain situations (adaption)

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65
Q

Is stress positive or negative

A

Both

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66
Q

What does positive stress achieve

A

Small doses of positive stress needed to reach optimal performance

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67
Q

What is acute stress

A

Specific events or situations happening at that time

Quickly leads to mobilisation of resources to cope with it

Fight or flight (general adaption syndrome)

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68
Q

What is chronic stress

A

Long term repeated exposure to a stressful situation

Prolonged exposure to hormones = wear and tear on Body

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69
Q

What effect does stress have on your health and body in the head

A

Headaches
Constantly feeling nervous / anxious
Mouth can feel dry
Sweat

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70
Q

What effect does stress have on your health and body in the heart

A

Heart rate increases

Blood pressure increases

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71
Q

What effect does stress have on your health and body in the stomach

A

Nauseous
Change of appetite
Heart burn
Stomach ulcers

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72
Q

What effect does stress have on your health and body apart from head, heart, stomach

A

Risk of diabetes
Digestion problems
Reproductive problems
Immune system decreases

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73
Q

In what way does chronic stress affect cognition

A

Brain and mental ability decreases
Concentration and attention decreases

Errors increase

Memory decrease

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74
Q

How does cognitive stress cause you to complete tasks

A

With excessive haste

Error prone

Less accurate

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75
Q

How does chronic stress affect incoming information

A

Confirmation bias

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76
Q

How does chronic stress affect behaviour

A 
Aggression
Impatient 
Self destructive 
Eating more / less = change in appetite 
Withdraw
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77
Q

How does chronic stress affect personality

A

Depressed
Emotional
Tense

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78
Q

What are the external physiological (environmental) stress

A

Heat
Humidity
Noise
Shaky

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79
Q

What are the internal physiological (environmental) stresses

A 
Hunger 
Thirst 
I’ll 
Fatigue 
Pain
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80
Q

What will physiological stresses do to the overall body

A

Put strain on the homeostasis nervous system

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81
Q

What temperature should the body be at

A

37°c ish

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82
Q

What is the best room temp

A

20°c ish

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83
Q

What happens to the body if it’s too hot

A

Sweat > dehydrated > body temp rises quicker > heat exhaustion > brain swells in skull (headache) > death (at internal temp of 43°c)

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84
Q

How long does it take to adjust to new climates

A

2 weeks

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85
Q

What body temp does hypothermia start to take place

A

35°c

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86
Q

What temperature does shivering commence

A

32 - 35°c

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87
Q

How does the situation of being too cold develop

A

Shiver > loses oxygen + energy > tired > pale > breathing rate increases > speech slurred > contentment (happy) > confusion > toes / fingers = frost bite > once internal temp below 32°c = sleep > coma > death

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88
Q

How does excess noise affect you

A

Decreases performance

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89
Q

What is the affect of 1-4 hz of vibration

A

Interference with breathing

Interfere with vision

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90
Q

What affect does 4-10 hz of vibration have

A

Chest / abdominal pain

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91
Q

What affect does 8-12 hz of vibration cause

A

Back ache

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92
Q

What affect does 10-20 hz of vibration cause

A 
Pain in throat 
Headache 
Severe eye strain 
Speech difficult 
Muscular tension
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93
Q

What is the ideal humidity

A

40-60%

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94
Q

What are the symptoms of low humidity

A 
Cough 
Dry skin 
Irritated eyes 
Dehydrated 
Dry throat / nose 
Allergies worse
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95
Q

When do mental / cognitive stress occur

A

Where the perceived demands of a task seem greater than the perceived ability to cope with the task

=

Don’t think we can cope with it

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96
Q

When can a overload of information occur inflight

A

Feeling behind the aircraft

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97
Q

What are non organisational / non professional / domestic stress issues

A

Death
Divorce
Money

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98
Q

What are examples of organisational stress

A

Anything within working environment

Work patterns 
Weather 
Checkrides 
Exams 
Time pressure 
Fuel saving 
Pax 
Sop
Non ergonomically standardised equipment
Lack of hand on flying
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99
Q

What is the greatest cause of stress

A

Death of a spouse

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100
Q

What is tidal breathing

A

Natural breathing in and out

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101
Q

What is inspiration reserve

A

Big breath in

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102
Q

What is expiator reserve

A

Big breath out

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103
Q

What is residual volume

A

Air you can’t get out

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104
Q

What is tidal capacity

A

6 litres

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105
Q

What is vital capacity

A

4.8 litres

Max forces me inhale

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106
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

3.6 litres

Big breath in

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107
Q

What functional residual capacity

A

2.4 litres

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108
Q

What makes haemoglobin

A

Bone marrow

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109
Q

What does the Eustachian tube do

A

Balances pressure between inner and outer ear

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110
Q

What reads alphanumeric information

A

Central vision

Fovea area

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111
Q

Where does myopia fall

A

Short of the retina

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112
Q

What are the twin objectives of human performance

A

The safety and efficiency of the operation and the well being of the individual

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113
Q

What’s the 2 branches of the autonomic system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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114
Q

What does parasympathetic do

A

Calms us down

Reduces heart rate / breathing rate

Reduces arousal

Prolonged the body’s ability to come with stress (reduces stress)

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115
Q

What does sympathetic do

A

Fight or flight

Increases arousal

Provides body with resources to come with stress

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116
Q

What is the first phase of the GAS

A

Alarm stage

First confronted with threatening situation

Sympathetic nervous system

Adrenalin hormone being pumped through body

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117
Q

What are the physical characteristics of the GAS alarm stage

A

Breathing rate /heart rate / blood pressure increase

Pupils dilate

Glucose levels increase

Tensed up mussels

Peristalsis (bowel movement stops)

Decrease in resistance to other stresses

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118
Q

What are the psychological characteristics of the alarm stage of GAS

A

Memory improves to draw past knowledge

Alertness increases

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119
Q

What is phase 2 of GAS

A

Resistance

Parasympathetic nervous system

Recover from initial reaction

Homeostasis

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120
Q

What are the physical characteristics of the resistance stage of GAS

A

Heart rate / breathing rate / blood pressure decreases

Glucose levels stay at same rate as in alarm stage to help cope with remaining stress

Cortisone secretion (pain killer) increases

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5
Perfectly
121
Q

What is phase 3 of GAS

A

Exhaustion stage

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122
Q

What happens in the exhaustion stage of GAS

A

Glucose and cortisone is still pumping into body

Run out of glucose = fatigue

Body trying to eliminate waste products produced from previous stages

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123
Q

What happens if exhaustion stage of GAS lasts too long

A

Heart disease

Stomach ulcers

Hypertension

Could kill us (after too long)

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124
Q

How are GAS reactions and phases the same?

A

TRICK!!

THEY ARE DIFFERENT DONT GET CONFUSED!!!

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125
Q

What is the first reaction to GAS

A

Psychological reaction

Brain recognises there is a threat (stressor)

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126
Q

What is the 2nd reaction to GAS

A

Psychosomatic reaction

Brain triggers release of hormones
= Adrenalin / glucose

127
Q

What is the 3rd reaction to GAS

A

Somatic reaction

Body now responding to hormones and chemicals

128
Q

When does The 3 reactions to GAS occur

A

In phase 1 of GAS

129
Q

What happens when you go to far into the stress zone of the inverted u hypothesis

A

“Break point” can potentially have a break down

130
Q

What are the 2 types of overload

A

Qualitative

Quantitive

131
Q

What excessive over load cause

A 
Panic
Increase heart rate 
Mussels tense up 
Mental blocks 
Attention fixation 
Increase blood pressure 
Mood swings 
Regression (back to old habits)
Increase in errors
132
Q

How to manage overload

A

Use of multi crew (shared workload)

Prioritise

133
Q

Symptoms of under load

A

Complacent

Bored
Moody
Lack of motivation 
Attention reduces 
Situational awareness reduces 
Increase in errors
134
Q

What does the “coping” part of coping with stress mean

A

Short term solution

135
Q

How can you cope with stress

A

Direct action coping

Inhibition (cognitive) coping

Symptom direct coping

136
Q

What is direct action coping

A

Removing ourself from the stressor

Delay take off due to bad weather over airport

137
Q

What is inhibition (cognitive) coping

A

+ Thinking things through (rationalise)

  • denial “it’s not going to happen to me”
138
Q

What is symptom direct coping

A

Removing symptoms of the stress

Alcoholism etc

139
Q

What does the “managing” part of managing stress mean

A

Long term solutions

140
Q

How can you manage stress

A

Preventative (keeping stress levels to a minimum)

Curative (reducing existing stress levels)

141
Q

How else can you manage stress

A

Exercise

Relaxation techniques

Religion - sense of belonging

Talk about it

142
Q

What is the number 1 cause of stress in the cockpit

A

Currency (hands on flying) (lack of it)

143
Q

What’s the first thing to go in a stressful situation

A

Communication

144
Q

How many things can s central decision maker do

A

1 no multitasking

145
Q

What is selective attention

A

Choosing to listen to only one sensory Channel

146
Q

What is the cocktail party effect

A

Selective attention

Ability to pick up irrelevant info unintentionally (hearing your name st a cocktail party)

147
Q

What is divided attention

A

Monitoring more than one channel

= effectiveness decreases

148
Q

What is habituation (in attention form)

A

Once you have got used to a stimulus you ignore it

149
Q

What is saliency

A

A intense stimulus or interesting will get your immediate attention

Favours visual cues to audial ones

150
Q

What is vigilance

A

Sustained attention over time

151
Q

What controls vigilance

A

Central nervous system

Closely linked to our circadian system

152
Q

What is hypovigilance

A

Under aroused

Underload

Bored

Fatigue

Poor judgement

Lack of concentration

153
Q

What can cause hypovigilance

A

Too warm

Low light levels

Isolation

154
Q

What is hypervigilance

A 
Over aware of things 
Stressed 
Overwhelmed 
Breakpoint 
Mental / cognitive resources reduce 
Funnelling of attention
155
Q

What happens to response times when hyper vigilant

A

Response time reduces

156
Q

What is response error

A

When you prepare for an expected stimulus but a unexpected stimulus occurs the prepared response may be used

157
Q

How long do you store echoic information

A

2-8 seconds

Hearing / audio information

158
Q

How long do you store iconic information

A

0.5-1 second

Visual information

159
Q

If sensory information is important where does it go next

A

Working memory

160
Q

How long can you store info in working memory

A

10-30 seconds

161
Q

How much info can your working memory hold

A

7 +/- 2 bits

162
Q

What is the problem with long term memory

A

You never forget stuff but sometimes can’t retrieve it

163
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Personal memories

Can be influenced by suggestion

164
Q

What illnesses affect episodic memory

A

Alzheimers

Amnesia

165
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Language store / general knowledge

166
Q

What is more accurate / lasts longer

semantic of episodic memory

A

Semantic

167
Q

What does episodic + semantic memory =?

A

Explicit memory

168
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Stores procedures

More accurate than episodic memory

169
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Procedural memory

170
Q

What can long term memory be affected by

A

Expectations desires and experiences

171
Q

How can you help yourself to remember information

A 
Chunking 
Rehearsal 
Association 
Catch phrases / rhymes 
Nemonic
Over learning
172
Q

What % of info is received through visual channel

A

70%

173
Q

What are the 4 main ways of learning

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Insight learning

Imitation / modelling / observational

174
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Ringing a bell every time you feed a dog

Ring the bell and the dog then over time expects to be fed

175
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning to modify behaviour to produce a desirable or avoid an undesirable outcome

176
Q

What is insight learning

A

Using own brain through past experiences to solve a problem

177
Q

What is imitation / modelling / observational learning

A

Models the actions / behaviours of another person

178
Q

Factors affecting learning

A

Preparation time
Study time
Review time

Then tested

179
Q

What affects preparation time / study time / review time

A 
Stress / anxiety 
Fatigue 
Distractions 
Age 
Illness 
Motivation (affected by own personal feedback)
180
Q

What makes it easier to recall information from a mental schemas (cognitive schemas)

A

The bigger (more info in) the mental schemas the easier it is to remember

181
Q

What is a personal schemas

A

Describes personalities of people

182
Q

What is an events schemas

A

How you approach a task / problem

183
Q

What is a roll schemas

A

How you expect someone in a roll to react

Stereotyping

184
Q

What are Motor programs

A

Autopilot for humans

Must initiate action then it becomes automatic

185
Q

What is the first stage of the andersons model

A

Cognitive stage

Learning theoretical knowledge

186
Q

What is the second stage of the andersons model

A

Associative stage

Practice the skill

187
Q

What is the third stage of the andersons model

A

Autonomous phase

Automatic

188
Q

What is bottom up (data driven) processing

A

Receive info from senses

189
Q

What is too down (conceptually driven) processing

A

Info compared to last knowledge / experiences

190
Q

What happens when you use both data driven and conceptually driven processing

A

Interactive processing

191
Q

What are the 5 laws of gestalt

A

Good continuation / continuity

Periodicity / closure

Proximity

Similarity

Symmetry / simplicity

192
Q

What is good continuation / continuity (gestalt)

A

Things form a continuous form

Perceived as part of the same group

193
Q

What is periodicity / closure (gestalt)

A

Recognising the shape (we fill in the gaps)

194
Q

What is proximity (gestalt)

A

Objects close together perceived as groups

195
Q

What is similarity (gestalt)

A

Any objects that appear similar will be grouped as one

196
Q

What is symmetry / simplicity (gestalt)

A

Symmetrical images perceived as one being one group despite of distance

197
Q

What is visual constancy

A

Brain wants to see objects as stable and unchanged

198
Q

What is size constancy

A

Ability to recognise an object when size remains the same even though the rise of the image in the retina changes

199
Q

What is shape constancy

A

Being able to realise an object is the same shape despite the change in the shape on the retina

200
Q

What is colour / brightness constancy

A

Being able to recognise an object despite the change in colour / brightness on the retina

201
Q

What is perceptual set (expectancy)

A

Readiness to perceive certain features of a stimulus in a certain way

Seeing 13 and B

Very difficult to change a model your brain has created

202
Q

What sensory input is most reliable

A

Visual input

203
Q

What are the 3 most critical illusions

A

Visual
Audio
Kinaesthetic

204
Q

What is the comparative size visual illusion

A

When flying over tall trees, as trees get smaller you feel like your getting higher

205
Q

What is perspective visual illusion

A

> ————-<

206
Q

What is autokinesis visual illusion (auto kinetic)

A

Especially at night

Look at star looks like it appears to be moving

Not enough background info for your brain to decide the light is stationary

Can confuse aircraft lights from stars

207
Q

What taxiing illusions are there

A

When going from taxiing a small aircraft to taxing a large aircraft = think you’re taxiing slower than you actually are

208
Q

When take off / missed approach illusions

A

Somatogravic = feels like pitching up = accelerating

Failed horizons

Gently sloping terrain

209
Q

What is false horizons illusion

A

Surface lights are confused for stars

210
Q

What is the most dangerous part of flight

A

Intermediate and final approach

211
Q

What illusion do you get if the terrain slopes up on approach to runway

A

= feel to high

Result = low shallow app / undershoot

212
Q

What happens if the approach to the runway is downsloping

A

Illusion = too low

Result = high approach / overshoot

213
Q

If runway slopes uphill whay is the illusion

A

Feel too high

= low shallow approach and undershoot

214
Q

What illusion happens if runway slopes downhill

A

Feel to low

= high approach / overshoot

215
Q

How does bright runway light affect approach

A

Feel closer = feel too high = pitch down = shallow approach / undershoot

216
Q

What is the black hole effect (kraft)

A

When surrounded by water / desert (nothing around)

It amplifies bright light illusion

217
Q

What illusion comes from reduces visibility

A

See less detail = look further away

218
Q

What illusion does rain on the windscreen have

A

Makes horizon / threshold appear lower = think you’re too high

Magnifies runway lights = feel your going too quickly (at night)

Vis reduced = think your further away

219
Q

What illusion does very smooth water have

A

Think you’re higher than you are

220
Q

What is personality

A

What defines us as a person

Stable characteristics associated with an individual

221
Q

What makes up a personality

A

Past experiences
Childhood environment
Up bringing
Genetics

222
Q

What is self concept

A

How you see yourself

223
Q

What is self ideal

A

The person you would like to be

224
Q

What is the best characteristics of a pilot according to the Hans Eysenck model

A

Stable extrovert

225
Q

According to Hans Eysenck what is the worst characteristics of a pilot

A

Unstable extrovert

226
Q

What is the best interactive style of a pilot

A

Goal +

Person +

227
Q

What is attitude

A

Determining whether you like or don’t like something

Respond favourably / unfavourably towards a target / person

228
Q

What is attitudes and behaviour influenced by

A

Media
Family
Education

229
Q

What factors affect group decisions

A

Roll and status
Persuasion
Conformity
Obedience / compliance

230
Q

What is group think

A

“We-ness” “close knit” no one wants to upset the group so don’t speak up

231
Q

What features groupthink

A 
Too much cohesion 
Insulated from external info 
May not look at all the options 
Very strong (overly strong) leader 
Under pressure to make decisions quickly
232
Q

What is risky shift

A

When groups make more risky decisions

233
Q

What is behaviours

A

How we act and the sum of personality and attitude

234
Q

What are the 6 most dangerous behaviour in flight

A

Anti- authoritarianism

Impulsiveness

Sense of invulnerability (it won’t happen to me)

Excessive self esteem / ego / arrogance / pride / matcho

Complacency / unjustified self confidence

Resignation

235
Q

What is S in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Skill based (motor programs)

Automatic = needs initiating

236
Q

What are the 2 routine errors in S in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Action slip
Intent is correct but outcome is wrong

Environmental capture
Do things automatically rather than diligently

237
Q

What is R in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Rule based behaviour

Procedures / routines

No motor programs / skills

Both long and short term memory

238
Q

What is the routine error in R in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Faults mistakes

Wrong intent

239
Q

What is K in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Knowledge based behaviour

No skill procedures or routines

“WTF is going on”

No rules or motor programs apply

240
Q

What is the routine error for K in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Prone to faults and mistakes

241
Q

What are errors in Jens rasmussen’s SRK model

A

Complacency

Confirmation bias

Frequency bias (use solutions to

previously encountered problems / scenarios which are wrong for current situation)

242
Q

What is transactional analysis

A

Parent ego
Child ego
Adult ego

243
Q

What is parent ego

A

Taught concept

“Do this do that”

Authoritative

244
Q

What is a child ego

A

Emotional
Not capable of making decisions

Sad / angry / tantrum

245
Q

What is a adult ego

A

Thought concept

Talk through options / problems

Make decisions

Pay attention

Motivated

246
Q

What transactional analysis ego is best for a pilot

A

Adult ego

247
Q

How do team member judge a person

A

Ability
Status
Norm
Role

248
Q

What is perceived ability

A

Associated to status + role

For example: if in flight deck with senior captain you may be a bit sheepish

249
Q

What is norm behaviour

A

The behaviour you associate with a person in a certain role

250
Q

What is role behaviour

A

Function and behaviours associated with a certain role

251
Q

What is situational awareness

A

When perception meets reality

252
Q

What factors affect situational awareness

A 
Workload 
Stress 
fatigue 
Distractions 
Hopes wishes and desires
253
Q

What is motivation

A

Different between what a person can do and what a person will do

254
Q

What factors affect motivation

A

Goals (only good if achievable)
Company work ethos
Boredom
Feedback

Press-on-itis/ home-itis = pilots will take more risks to try and get home despite danger

255
Q

What is Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Driven by both physiological and psychological needs

Physiological needs need to be satisfied first

256
Q

If two pilots are having a conflict what need is not met

A

Self esteem

257
Q

What are good traits of a good leader

A

Stable extrovert

Listens to opinions of others first

Good communication

Motivated

258
Q

Good characteristics of s follower

A

Listen

Question

Feel confident to voice you own opinion

259
Q

If you disagree with a captains decision that captains made which doesn’t pose w threat to the flight what should you do

A

Carry on with flight as normal to avoid conflict

260
Q

What is autocratic

A

Very steep gradient between captain and first officer

Very authoritative captain

Won’t talk to you

Won’t trust you to complete tasks

Captain may be over loaded

If you feel angry about this situation you turn a third party into a scape goat

261
Q

What is Laisser-Faire

A

Very fast gradient between captain and first officer

Very little technical conversation

Captains wants to make everyone happy and won’t make decisions

“Selfish / self-centred cockpit”

Potential of role reversal

262
Q

What is the most dangerous cockpit gradient

A

Laisser faire

263
Q

What is synergistic cockpit gradient

A

Optimum gradient

Captain displays good characteristics for s good leader

264
Q

What is the best cockpit gradient

A

Synergistic

265
Q

What is the quote from Paul watzalawick’s

A

“One cannot not communicate”

In other words every situation requires communication

266
Q

What does communication require

A

2 of more people

Transmitter and a receiver

267
Q

What is the inter communication model developed by Berlo

A

Communication requires 6 things to take place :

Source 
Message 
Channel 
Receiver 
Encoder 
Decoder
268
Q

What are the 4 reasons we communicate

A

Instrumental - trying to obtain information

Informative - trying to explain something / either give or receive

Ritual - cultural norm, habit, reinforce social bonds

Persuasive - telling someone to do something or they you are doing something, changing attitude / behaviours

269
Q

What is context

A

Structure of sentence and punctuation used dictates the context of sentences

270
Q

What % of communication is through body language

A

70%

271
Q

What is meta communications

A

All forms of communication: ie body language + tone etc

272
Q

What % of communication is made up of meta communication

A

80%

273
Q

What is professional language

A

Abbreviations

Technical language that is associated to a industry

To avoid any misunderstanding

274
Q

What must you be aware of when using professional language

A

That the other person is fluent in the language and they understand

275
Q

Factors affecting communication:

What is intelligibility

A

Can’t understand what’s being said

Not speaking clearly

Static in radio

Fast speech

Unusual accent

276
Q

Factors affecting communication

What is ambiguity

A

Intent of message has room for misinterpretation

277
Q

Factors affecting communication:

What is uniqueness

A

For example a unique call sign won’t get mixed up with another aircrafts call sign causing confusion

278
Q

Factors affecting communication:

What is expectancy

A

Expecting to hear something

279
Q

Factors affecting communication

What is quantity

A

Memory limited to 7 +/- 2 bits

Amount of info in a message

280
Q

Factors affecting communication

Common language

A

Mixing languages is dangerous

English should always be used

281
Q

Factors affecting communication

Interruptions and workload

A

Can cause breakdowns in communication

282
Q

Factors affecting communication

Perceived ability of receptor

A

If transmitter perceived the receiver to be incompetent then the transmitter should:

Speak slowly
Short sentences
Small simple vocabularies

283
Q

Factors affecting communication

Feedback

A

Confirmation they have understood the message

284
Q

What is a open (implicit) question

A

“What do you think POF”

+ before a response is given factors must be considered

  • response takes time
  • prone to misunderstanding
285
Q

What is a closed (explicit) question

A

“Do you like POF”

+ simple
+quick

-can be so simple you don’t have enough info to give a good response

286
Q

What is a leading question

A

“That’s Heathrow over there isn’t it”

Loss of situational awareness

287
Q

If interrupted in the middle of a briefing what should you do

A

Remind captain of last thing that was said

288
Q

What is conflict a cause of

A

Poor communication

289
Q

What is interpersonal conflict

A

Between 2 or more people

290
Q

What is intrapersonal conflict

A

Within yourself

291
Q

What is conflict in terms of escalation

A

Conflict tends to be accumulative (escalate)

292
Q

How can you prevent conflict

A

Actively listen

Feedback

Ask questions

Negotiation (come to a compromise / agreement)

Advocacy (strongly give your opinion) however can intensify the argument

Meta communication (using every type of communication)

293
Q

How can culture lead to conflict

A

Different languages / symbols may mean different things in different languages (could be insulting)

294
Q

What is the main parts of mcc

A

Cooperation
Communication

Or

Redundancy
Division of responsibilities and workload sharing

295
Q

What is the benefits of cooperation

A

Team work

Good communication

Shadings of responsibilities and workload

Good situational awareness

296
Q

What is good CRM

A

Coordination

Situational awareness

Communication

Decisions making

Planning

Task management

297
Q

What is co-action

A

Working together towards a common goal

Captain briefing crew on a plan for diversions

298
Q

What must a good briefing contain

A

As much info as possible and be as comprehensive as possible

Less than 10 ideas / sentences

Standardised

Things can change from flight to flight

Enforce particular requirements

Everyone knows what their role is

299
Q

What is the key things to remember when completing a checklist

A

No bother tasks should be done

Needs to be done diligently NOT from memory

300
Q

What are design points to remember when designing a checklist

A

Important items at the beginning

Longer checklist = more sub decisions

Logical index

Should (where possible) be linked to a panel scan

Critical points should have redundancies (repeated)

Bold italics / underline to emphasise points

Text size should be min require for legibility

301
Q

What is cognitive synchronisation

A

Working together to achieve w common goal

Done through use of checklists / maintaining a similar image

302
Q

What is temporal synchronisation

A

When 2 pilots trigger a simultaneous action

Both pilots do the same thing at the same time

303
Q

What is synergy

A

Group performance exceeding the sum of the individual performances

304
Q

What would the equation 1+1=<2 mean

A

Bad synergy

305
Q

What would 1+1=>2 mean

A

Good synergy

306
Q

What are SOPS good for

A

Maintaining good synergy

307
Q

What are barriers to crew cooperation

A

Excessive ego

Anti authoritarian

Invulnerability

Impulsive

Resigned

Complacency (worst)

308
Q

What is the current opinion on the frequency of human errors

A

Human errors are now considered as being inevitable

309
Q

What is the most dangerous characteristic of perception

A

Is it extremely resistant to correction

310
Q

What are the characteristics of a safety culture

A 
Informed culture 
Reporting culture
Flexible culture
Learning culture
Just culture
311
Q

Can you suffer from aerodontalgia in the descent

A

No

312
Q

What is declarative memory

A

Contains memory of all the knowledge required to perform the skill

313
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Contains a series of rules “if this happens then do that”

314
Q

What is active memory

A

Contains active information which is currently being processed

ATPL HPL (6 decks)

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