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Biology GR 11 > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 macronutrients, their building blocks, and their functions?

A

1) Protein
Building Blocks: Amino Acids
Function: Involved in chemical processes; enzymes for structure

2) Carbohydrates
Building Blocks: Glucose
Function: Energy

3) Fats
Building Blocks: Triglycerides
Function: Protection, insulation, and storage

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2
Q

What happens when glycogen isn’t used?

A

It turns to fat

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3
Q

What happens when someone eats things with high saturated fats?

A

Leads to high cholesterol which leads to plaque on artery walls which causes heart disease

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4
Q

What are the 3 main macronutrients?

A

1) Vitamins
2) Minerals
3) Water

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of water?

A

1) Aids in digestion
2) Carries nutrients
3) Eliminates waste

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6
Q

Study the 24 organs of the digestive system and their functions on your quiz review sheet.

A

.

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of saliva?

A

1) Enzymes (Amylase)

2) Mucus (Lubrication)

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8
Q

What are the 2 stomach sphincter and whats their function?

A

1) Lower Esophageal
2) Cardiac

They stop acidic contents from going up the esophagus

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
3) Serosa

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10
Q

What are the 4 components of digestion and their functions?

A 
1) Ingestion 
Takes in nutrients 
2) Digestion
Breaksdown nutrients
3) Absorption 
Transports nutrients 
4) Egestion 
Removes waste
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11
Q

Why is the small intestine so long?

A

Gives more time to absorb nutrients with an increased surface area

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12
Q

Passive Transport

A

Doesn’t use energy to move materials across a membrane

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13
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy to move materials across a membrane

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14
Q

Absorption

A

The process of absorbing something into cells

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15
Q

What stimulates the production of gastrin?

A

Undigested protein

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16
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates HCl production

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17
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the circulatory system?

A

1) Transports oxygen to the body from the heart
2) Transports carbon dioxide from body to the heart
3) Transports essential nutrient to the cells
4) carries waste from the cells

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of circulation?

A

1) Vascular (Throughout body)
2) Pulmonary (Heart to lungs back to heart)
3) Systemic (Heart to body back to heart)

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19
Q

What are the 3 fundamental feature of the circulatory system?

A

1) Fluid to be transported
2) Tubes to transport the fluid
3) Pump to push fluid around

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20
Q

Plasma

A

A protein rich liquid tin witch blood cells and platelets are suspended

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21
Q

Pericardium

A

Tissue around heart protects it from friction with other organs

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22
Q

Vascular Circulation

A

Network of vessels that transports blood throughout the body

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23
Q

Arteries

A

Thick muscular walls the carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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24
Q

Aterioles

A

Control regulation of blood distribution to various vessels `

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25
Constriction
Causes arterioles to relax and increased blood flow
26
Dilation
Expanding or stretching
27
Why are capillaries the most important vessel?
The site of gas exchange for the human body
28
Cardiac Cycle
The contractions and relaxation of the heart muscles during a heart beat
29
Systole
The period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract; blood leaves ventricle
30
Diastole
The period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are relaxed; blood fills ventricles
31
What is a normal blood pressure reading?
120/80
32
What does "lub dub" sound represent?
The atrioventricular valves closing
33
Electrocardiogram
An electrical display of the heartbeat
34
P Wave
Depolarization: Spreading of signal through atria
35
QRS Complex
Depolarization of ventricles: Highest point because highest pressure needed
36
T Wave
Repolarization of ventricles
37
What 2 systems help carry out the function of the arterioles?
1) Nervous | 2) Autoregulation
38
Bolus
Chewed up food
39
Describe 6 steps of food moving from mouth to stomach
1) Tongue pushes food to back of mouth 2) Swallowing into pharynx 3) Soft palate rises so no food goes into the nasal cavity 4) Larynx rises an epiglottis closes so not food goes into the trachea 5) Bolus goes into esophagus 6) Peristalsis into stomach
40
Peristalsis
Involuntary wave like contractions of the esophagus to ensure movement to the stomach
41
Glucose
Sugar made by photosynthesis
42
Glycogen
Where glucose is stored
43
Why does ingestion with physical digestion take place in the mouth? (Teeth break down food)
Increases surface area
44
Sphincters
A circular muscle that contracts to close and opening in the body
45
Chyme
A semi liquid mixture of food and gastric juices
46
Where does the majority of absorption occur in the stomach
The jejunum and ileum
47
Complete Protein
Food containing all amino acids
48
Incomplete Protein
Food containing one but not all amino acids
49
Enzymes
A specialized molecule that speeds up biochemical processes
50
Villi
Part of small intestine that increases surface area
51
What are the 3 enzymes in the stomach?
1) Hydrochloric Acid 2) Pepsin 3) Mucus
52
What are the 2 components of blood?
1) Plasma | 2) Red Blood Cells
53
Where is the gas exchange in the circulatory system?
Capillaries
54
What does the duodenum release to neutralize the pancreas?
Bicarbonate Ions
55
What happens during inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand ribcage
56
What does inhalation do?
Decreases pressure in the body by increasing it's volume
57
What 2 structures increase surface area in the small intestine?
1) Villi | 2) Microvilli
58
Where is bile produced? Where is it stored?
Made in liver and stores in gall bladder
59
What are the 3 types of blood, their structure, and function?
1) Red blood cells, Small concave disks that allow for greater surface area, carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs again 2) White blood cells, cells formed in bone marrow that have nuclei and can either be granular or agranular, defend against disease 3) Platelets, small cells produced from stem cells in bone marrow, clotting
60
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
1) Arteries 2) Veins 3) Capillaries
61
What is the structure and function of arteries?
Structure: Made of 3 layers of tissues and elastin tissue Function: Carries blood away from heart to body tissue
62
What is the structure and function of veins?
Structure: Made of large vessels and inner muscle is thinner and less elastic than arteries (Increased surface area) Function: Carry deoxygenated blood containing carbon dioxide and waste from the body
63
What is the structure and function of capillaries?
Structure: Network of blood vessels that have thing outer walls Function: Supply oxygen and nutrients from the blood and diffuse into the tissue fluid that surrounds cells
64
What are the 4 different blood types?
1) A, B, AB and O
65
What are the antibodies that fight each blood type?
O produces no antigens AB produces antigens for O A and B produce against each other
66
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
Works with the circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood
67
What muscle controls breathing?
The diaphragm contracts when stimulated
68
Pleural Membrane
Covers lungs and allows smother movement
69
Ventilation
The volume of air the is moved in 1 minute
70
Total Lung Capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a single breath
71
What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?
1) Supply oxygen to blood 2) Remove carbon dioxide form blood 3) Regulate blood pH
72
What are the 3 types of respiration?
1) External (O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs) 2) Internal (Gas exchange ar tissue level) 3) Cellular (Utilizing O2 for energy)
73
Breathing vs Respiration
Breathing: Movement of air to the lungs Respiration:Converting glucose and oxygen into energy
74
What is the conductive zone?
Warm humidity filter
75
Why is the trachea covered in cartilage?
To prevent it from collapsing
76
What is the 2 responsibilites of the respiratory zone?
1) Gas exchange | 2) Short diffusion
77
What is an important structural feature of the respiratory zone?
Huge surface area
78
Why do we breathe? (2 Reasons)
1) Cellular Respiration | 2) Gas exchange
79
Cellular Respiration
A series of chemical reactions that consume oxygen to provide energy
80
Phosphorylation
The process that forms ATP from ADP phosphate and energy
81
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (Ultimate goal in the body)
82
Static Lung Volume
Volumes determines by the structure of the lung
83
Dynamic Lung Volume
Volumes dependant on movement of air
84
Gas Exchange
The process where by the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
85
How do the circulatory and digestive system work together?
Helps get the absorbed nutrients distributed through your body
86
Pulmonary System
The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs
87
Systemic System
The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body
88
Rugae
Physical feature of the stomach that helps with mechanical digestion

Biology GR 11 (4 decks)

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