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Biology GR 11 > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 macronutrients, their building blocks, and their functions?

A

1) Protein
Building Blocks: Amino Acids
Function: Involved in chemical processes; enzymes for structure

2) Carbohydrates
Building Blocks: Glucose
Function: Energy

3) Fats
Building Blocks: Triglycerides
Function: Protection, insulation, and storage

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2
Q

What happens when glycogen isn’t used?

A

It turns to fat

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3
Q

What happens when someone eats things with high saturated fats?

A

Leads to high cholesterol which leads to plaque on artery walls which causes heart disease

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4
Q

What are the 3 main macronutrients?

A

1) Vitamins
2) Minerals
3) Water

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5
Q

What are the 3 functions of water?

A

1) Aids in digestion
2) Carries nutrients
3) Eliminates waste

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6
Q

Study the 24 organs of the digestive system and their functions on your quiz review sheet.

A

.

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of saliva?

A

1) Enzymes (Amylase)

2) Mucus (Lubrication)

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8
Q

What are the 2 stomach sphincter and whats their function?

A

1) Lower Esophageal
2) Cardiac

They stop acidic contents from going up the esophagus

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
3) Serosa

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10
Q

What are the 4 components of digestion and their functions?

A 
1) Ingestion 
Takes in nutrients 
2) Digestion
Breaksdown nutrients
3) Absorption 
Transports nutrients 
4) Egestion 
Removes waste
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11
Q

Why is the small intestine so long?

A

Gives more time to absorb nutrients with an increased surface area

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12
Q

Passive Transport

A

Doesn’t use energy to move materials across a membrane

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13
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy to move materials across a membrane

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14
Q

Absorption

A

The process of absorbing something into cells

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15
Q

What stimulates the production of gastrin?

A

Undigested protein

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16
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates HCl production

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17
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the circulatory system?

A

1) Transports oxygen to the body from the heart
2) Transports carbon dioxide from body to the heart
3) Transports essential nutrient to the cells
4) carries waste from the cells

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of circulation?

A

1) Vascular (Throughout body)
2) Pulmonary (Heart to lungs back to heart)
3) Systemic (Heart to body back to heart)

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19
Q

What are the 3 fundamental feature of the circulatory system?

A

1) Fluid to be transported
2) Tubes to transport the fluid
3) Pump to push fluid around

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20
Q

Plasma

A

A protein rich liquid tin witch blood cells and platelets are suspended

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21
Q

Pericardium

A

Tissue around heart protects it from friction with other organs

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22
Q

Vascular Circulation

A

Network of vessels that transports blood throughout the body

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23
Q

Arteries

A

Thick muscular walls the carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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24
Q

Aterioles

A

Control regulation of blood distribution to various vessels `

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25
Q

Constriction

A

Causes arterioles to relax and increased blood flow

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26
Q

Dilation

A

Expanding or stretching

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27
Q

Why are capillaries the most important vessel?

A

The site of gas exchange for the human body

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28
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The contractions and relaxation of the heart muscles during a heart beat

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29
Q

Systole

A

The period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract; blood leaves ventricle

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30
Q

Diastole

A

The period of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are relaxed; blood fills ventricles

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31
Q

What is a normal blood pressure reading?

A

120/80

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32
Q

What does “lub dub” sound represent?

A

The atrioventricular valves closing

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33
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

An electrical display of the heartbeat

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34
Q

P Wave

A

Depolarization: Spreading of signal through atria

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35
Q

QRS Complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles: Highest point because highest pressure needed

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36
Q

T Wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

37
Q

What 2 systems help carry out the function of the arterioles?

A

1) Nervous

2) Autoregulation

38
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed up food

39
Q

Describe 6 steps of food moving from mouth to stomach

A

1) Tongue pushes food to back of mouth
2) Swallowing into pharynx
3) Soft palate rises so no food goes into the nasal cavity
4) Larynx rises an epiglottis closes so not food goes into the trachea
5) Bolus goes into esophagus
6) Peristalsis into stomach

40
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary wave like contractions of the esophagus to ensure movement to the stomach

41
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar made by photosynthesis

42
Q

Glycogen

A

Where glucose is stored

43
Q

Why does ingestion with physical digestion take place in the mouth? (Teeth break down food)

A

Increases surface area

44
Q

Sphincters

A

A circular muscle that contracts to close and opening in the body

45
Q

Chyme

A

A semi liquid mixture of food and gastric juices

46
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur in the stomach

A

The jejunum and ileum

47
Q

Complete Protein

A

Food containing all amino acids

48
Q

Incomplete Protein

A

Food containing one but not all amino acids

49
Q

Enzymes

A

A specialized molecule that speeds up biochemical processes

50
Q

Villi

A

Part of small intestine that increases surface area

51
Q

What are the 3 enzymes in the stomach?

A

1) Hydrochloric Acid
2) Pepsin
3) Mucus

52
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

1) Plasma

2) Red Blood Cells

53
Q

Where is the gas exchange in the circulatory system?

A

Capillaries

54
Q

What does the duodenum release to neutralize the pancreas?

A

Bicarbonate Ions

55
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand ribcage

56
Q

What does inhalation do?

A

Decreases pressure in the body by increasing it’s volume

57
Q

What 2 structures increase surface area in the small intestine?

A

1) Villi

2) Microvilli

58
Q

Where is bile produced? Where is it stored?

A

Made in liver and stores in gall bladder

59
Q

What are the 3 types of blood, their structure, and function?

A

1) Red blood cells, Small concave disks that allow for greater surface area, carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs again
2) White blood cells, cells formed in bone marrow that have nuclei and can either be granular or agranular, defend against disease
3) Platelets, small cells produced from stem cells in bone marrow, clotting

60
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries

61
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries?

A

Structure: Made of 3 layers of tissues and elastin tissue
Function: Carries blood away from heart to body tissue

62
Q

What is the structure and function of veins?

A

Structure: Made of large vessels and inner muscle is thinner and less elastic than arteries (Increased surface area)
Function: Carry deoxygenated blood containing carbon dioxide and waste from the body

63
Q

What is the structure and function of capillaries?

A

Structure: Network of blood vessels that have thing outer walls
Function: Supply oxygen and nutrients from the blood and diffuse into the tissue fluid that surrounds cells

64
Q

What are the 4 different blood types?

A

1) A, B, AB and O

65
Q

What are the antibodies that fight each blood type?

A

O produces no antigens
AB produces antigens for O
A and B produce against each other

66
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory System?

A

Works with the circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood

67
Q

What muscle controls breathing?

A

The diaphragm contracts when stimulated

68
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Covers lungs and allows smother movement

69
Q

Ventilation

A

The volume of air the is moved in 1 minute

70
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled during a single breath

71
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) Supply oxygen to blood
2) Remove carbon dioxide form blood
3) Regulate blood pH

72
Q

What are the 3 types of respiration?

A

1) External (O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs)
2) Internal (Gas exchange ar tissue level)
3) Cellular (Utilizing O2 for energy)

73
Q

Breathing vs Respiration

A

Breathing: Movement of air to the lungs
Respiration:Converting glucose and oxygen into energy

74
Q

What is the conductive zone?

A

Warm humidity filter

75
Q

Why is the trachea covered in cartilage?

A

To prevent it from collapsing

76
Q

What is the 2 responsibilites of the respiratory zone?

A

1) Gas exchange

2) Short diffusion

77
Q

What is an important structural feature of the respiratory zone?

A

Huge surface area

78
Q

Why do we breathe? (2 Reasons)

A

1) Cellular Respiration

2) Gas exchange

79
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions that consume oxygen to provide energy

80
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The process that forms ATP from ADP phosphate and energy

81
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (Ultimate goal in the body)

82
Q

Static Lung Volume

A

Volumes determines by the structure of the lung

83
Q

Dynamic Lung Volume

A

Volumes dependant on movement of air

84
Q

Gas Exchange

A

The process where by the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

85
Q

How do the circulatory and digestive system work together?

A

Helps get the absorbed nutrients distributed through your body

86
Q

Pulmonary System

A

The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs

87
Q

Systemic System

A

The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body

88
Q

Rugae

A

Physical feature of the stomach that helps with mechanical digestion

Biology GR 11 (4 decks)

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