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Biology GR 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of hereditary and variation

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2
Q

Hereditary

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

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3
Q

Polyploid

A

More than double the regular number of chromosomes

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4
Q

Gene

A

A segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait

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5
Q

Cloning

A

The process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another using a single cell or tissue

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6
Q

What are the 3 reasons why cells reproduce asexually?

A

1) Growth
2) Repair
3) Replacement

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

An organized package of DNA

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 from each parent)

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9
Q

Describe what the 23 pairs of chromosomes do.

A

The first 22 pairs code for genes and the last pair codes for the sex of the individual

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10
Q

Alleles

A

The different variations that control traits in genes

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11
Q

In each trait how many alleles are there?

A

2 (one from each parent)

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12
Q

What is the goal of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic Variety

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13
Q

What are the 2 key processes of sexual reproduction?

A

1) Gametes

2) Fertilization

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14
Q

Meiosis

A

The 2 stages process of cell division that produces haploid gametes

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15
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The production of gametes (sex cells) in animals

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16
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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17
Q

Spermtogenesis

A

The production of mature sperm cells

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18
Q

Oogenesis

A

The production of mature egg cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 divisions of meiosis?

A

1) Meiosis I

2) Meiosis II

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20
Q

Homologous Pairs

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes that carry information for the same genes

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21
Q

Whats another name for Homologous Pairs?

A

Tetrads

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22
Q

Random Assortment

A

The 4 possible ways the homologous pairs can be arranged during metaphase and separate during anaphase

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23
Q

Karyotyping

A

The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted according to size and type

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24
Q

What is the arrangement of the chromosomes that determines if the individual is male or female?

A

Male: XY
Female: XX

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25
Q

Fertilization

A

The formation of a zygote by the joining together of 2 gametes

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26
Q

Zygote

A

Cell produced by the fusion of 2 gametes (fertilization)

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27
Q

Non-disjunction

A

The failure of chromosomes or tetrads to separate properly during anaphase. In meiosis I all cells are affected and in meiosis II only half are affected

28
Q

What are the 3 chromosomal diseases?

A

1) Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
2) Klinefelters Syndrome (Man looks like women)
3) Turner Syndrome (Women looks like men)

29
Q

Explain the 2 important points about Non- Disjunction.

A

1) If a gamete with an extra chromosome is fertilized by a normal gamete the zygote will have an extra chromosome called trisomy
2) If the gamete is missing a chromosome and it’s fertilized by a normal one the zygote will have only 1 copy of a chromosome called monosomy

30
Q

Tetrad

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes each with 2 sister chromosomes

31
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

32
Q

Crossing Over

A

The exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes

33
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species; the combination determines the sex of the individual

34
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes

35
Q

Dominant Allele

A

The all that if present is always expressed

36
Q

Recessive Allele

A

The allele that is expressed only if it’t not in the presence of a dominant allele

37
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

38
Q

Phenotype

A

The individuals outward appearance with respect ro a specific characteristic

39
Q

Homozygous

A

Offspring gets 2 of the same alleles

40
Q

Heterozygous

A

Offspring gets 2 different alleles

41
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Crossing of 1 trait

42
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

The offspring of two different plants that differ in 2 characteristics

43
Q

Co Dominance

A

Both colours show

44
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Mix of 2 colours

45
Q

Who was the father of modern genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

46
Q

What did Gregors experiment consist of? (3 Things)

A

The use of breeding peas and studying their phenotypes to understand genetics

  • Illustrate complete dominance offspring with always resemble of the 2 parents and
  • The dominant allele had the same phenotypic effect whether it was present in one or two copies
  • All plants displayed dominant or recessive alleles
47
Q

What are the 2 points in the law of segregation?

A

1) For each characteristic an individual carries 2 genes

2) Parents donate only one copy of each gene

48
Q

Test Cross

A

A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait

49
Q

Sex-linked Traits

A

Alleles that are on the sex chromosomes and are expressed to offspring

50
Q

What are the 3 results of mutations?

A

1) Serious genetic disorders
2) No immediate affect
3) Better survive in their environment

51
Q

Study the Cell Cycle

A

.

52
Q

What are the 6 stages of mitosis? (IPMATC)

A

1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase
6) Cytokinesis

53
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A
  • Cell grows and forms chromatin containing DNA in the nucleus
  • Replication of chromosomes results in a pair of sister chromatids that remain attached to the centromere
54
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible under a microscope and membrane dissolves

55
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres align with the centre of the cell

56
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

The chromosome pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cel

57
Q

What happens in Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposed sides of the cell
  • Spindle fibres unwind and dissolve
  • Chromosomes become invisible again and nuclear membrane reforms creating 2 daughter nuclei
58
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

The cell is duplicated and it’s contents slit into 2 separate cells

59
Q

What happens in Prophase II?

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves and spindle fibers begin to form

60
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres

- Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

61
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A
  • Centromeres split and sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
  • Chromatids are now called chromosomes
62
Q

What happens in Telophase II?

A

With the formation of 4 cells meiosis is over

63
Q

Sickle Cell Trait

A

Deforms red blood cells into a half moon instead of round affecting its ability to carry oxygen

64
Q

Rhesus

A

An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells

65
Q

Rhesus + vs -

A

People who have the protein and those who do not

66
Q

Haploid vs Diploid

A

Haploid: A cell containing half the normal amount of DNA
Diploid: A cell containing 2 times the amount of DNA

67
Q

Zygote

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

Biology GR 11 (4 decks)

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