Human Body Flashcards
Inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts, moves down and flattens
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Rib cage up and out
- Volume of lungs increase, air pressure decreases
- Air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
- Air moves in
Exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes, moves up and domes
- Intercostal muscles relax
- Ribs move down and in
- Volume of lungs decreases, pressure increases
- Air pressure is higher in lungs that atmosphere
- Air moves out
Exercise Increases BR
- Removal of CO2
- Removal of Lactic Acid - prevent cramps
- Repay OXygen Debt
Exercise Increases HR
- More oxygenated blood to muscles
- More aerobic respiration
- More energy produced to contract
Tobacco
- Contains carbon monoxide
- Binds to haemoglobin
- Reduces oxygen carrying capacity in blood
Smokers Cough
- tobacco destroys cilia or tar cover the cilia
- cilia cannot sweep away the mucus
- mucus enters lungs
- chest infections and coughs
Emphysema
- Smoke reaches alveoli
- alveoli walls break down
- alveoli fuse together
- decreases SA for gas exchange
- less oxygen in blood
Factors that increase chance of coronary heart disease
Diet - High content of saturated fats
Smoking - Increases blood pressure
High blood pressure - damages artery lining
Obesity - increase blood pressure and poor diet
Lack of Exercise - high blood pressure
Components of Blood
- Red Blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
Plasma
Transports substances
- CO2
- Urea
- Digested food
- Hormones
- Heat energy
White Blood Cells
PRotect the body against pathogens
White blood cells are made of two things…
Phagocytes - engulf pathogens and digest them using enzymes
Lymphocytes - produce and release antibodies which bind to pathogens to destroy them
Antibodies destroy pathogens…
- Cause bacteria to stick together - more can be ingested in one go
- Acts as a label so can more easily be recognised by phagocytes
- Causes bacterial cells to ‘burst open’
- Neutralises poisions/toxins produced by pathogens
Antibodies
- Each pathogen has an antigen
- Each antibody has a specific shape to fit with an antigen
Immune response
- Lymphocytes that arent involves in killing pathogens develop memory cells
- If the same microorganism reinfects a person
- Lymphocytes reproduces and produce antibodies
- Pathogen is destroyed quickly = immunity
Coronary Heart Disease
- hihg content of saturated fats in diet
- build up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
- narrow the lumen
- Restricts blood flow
- less oxygen transported to heart for aerobic repsiration
- anaerobic respiration in heart
- Produces lactic acid
- Cramping of the hear = heart attack
