Human biology year 9 Flashcards
What is a reflex
-unconscious/ involuntary response
-function is protection
-fast response that involves the spinal cord making decisions
smallest to largest (organization in the human body)
1-organelles
2-cells
3-tissues
4-organ
5-system
6-organism
7-population
Importance of cellular respiration as a requirement of life
- maintains constant body temperature in warm blooded organisms by producing heat.
-provides energy for chemical reactions and breaking down of products
Word equation of cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Chemical equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 +6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ENERGY (ATP)
Different types of tissues?
Muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous
Metabolism
-The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions occurring in the body
-Defined as the chemical process that converts food into energy.
catabolic
breaking down
Anabolic
building up
Enzymes?
- specific to a specific substrate
-proteins that increase the speed/ rate of a chemical reaction in the body
-Active site is a specific shape
-biological catalysts
Lock in key model
Proposes that the enzyme acts as a rigid lock that only allows entry of correctly shaped substrate key into its active site to enable a specific chemical reaction
normal temp in body?
37
denaturation occurs when:
When our body temp goes over 38, the body wont function properly because the enzymes active site changes.
2 parts of the brain:
cerebrum, cerebellum
left side of the brain controls:
-right side of the brain
-logic
right side of the brain controls:
-left side of the brain
-art, creative
CNS
- Brain, spinal cord
PNS
-all the neurons and supporting cells of the rest of the body (outside the brain and spinal cord)
-Function of Cerebrum:
~Controls:
-initates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.
~ memory, sight, sound
-Function of Cerebellum:
~Controls:
-coordinates movement and balance
~coordination, balance, movement
-Function of Brain- stem:
~Controls:
-sends signals from the brain to the rest of the body
~breathing, blood pressure
-Function of Hypothalamus:
~Controls:
-keeps your body in a stable state called homeostasis
~heart rate, body temp
-Function of Pituitary gland:
~Controls:
-regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces
~production of these hormones is either stimulated or inhibited by chemical messages sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
Osmosis:
The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi- permeable membrane.
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration, resulting in their random movement.
Receptor:
detects stimulus
sensory neuron:
what has just happened
spinal cord (CNS):
Information is processed
motor neuron:
- info about the action
-what you must do in response
effector:
carries out action
endocrine system:
a communication system that uses hormones that are secreted into the blood to maintain homeostasis.
hormones?
a chemical substance that effects cell metabolism
endocrine gland
-produces hormones
-secrete hormones
exocrine gland
releases substances like sweat, saliva, milk
Thyroxine:
Gland produced: thyroid gland
role in human body: heart & digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone health, muscle control
Adrenalin:
Gland produced: adrenal gland
role in human body: makes heart beat faster, and your lungs breathe more efficiently
Insulin:
Gland produced: Pancreas
role in human body: allows glucose in the blood to enter cells, providing them with the energy to function.
Testosterone:
Gland produced: testes
role in human body: regulate sex drive, bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength
Oestrogen:
Gland produced: ovaries
role in human body: puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength
growth hormone:
Gland produced: pituitary gland
role in human body: influencing our height, and helping build our bones and muscles
Glucagon:
Gland produced: pancreas
role in human body: help regulate your blood (sugar) levels
Homeostasis
maintenance of a constant internal environment at optimum levels despite changes in the internal/ external environment.
Nutrients of the human body
-lipids–> turns into fatty acids–> it provides protection+ insulation
-proteins–> turns into amino acids–>it builds cells/ enzymes
-carbohydrates–> turns into glucose–> energy source in cellular respiration
insulin —– blood sugar levels
decreases
TOO COLD
-shivering–> increased muscle movements increase heat production
-go blue (vasoconstriction)
-increased metabolic rate –> increased number of reactions in the body –> increase amount of heat produced
Glucagon —– blood sugar levels
increases
TOO HOT
-sweat –> evaporates –> uses body heat to change state
-go red–> blood is taking heat to skins surface (vasodilation)
-decrease metabolic rate –> decreased number of reactions in the body –> decreased amount of heat produced
wastes of the human body
-urea
-carbon dioxide (CO2)
-water (H2O)
interneuron
-location in the CNS
-Act as a connection between the between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron, and relays info between them.
sensory neuron
-transmits a stimulus from the PNS to the CNS
-Info about what is happening in your body or environment.
Motor neuron
-transmits a response from the CNS to the PNS
-info about the response
cell body
-sends impulses to axon
- (like any other cell) basic unit of the nucleus
dendrite
receives impulses from other neurons
-sends cell to body
axon
main part of the neuron, transmits impulse to the axon terminals
axon terminals
receives impulse and sends neurotransmitters to synapse
