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Human Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first stage of testing a new medicinal drug?

A

The drug is tested on human cells and tissues in the lab.

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2
Q

True or false? “Exercise decreases the amount of energy used by the body and increases the amount stored as fat.”

A

False.

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3
Q

Sam has an office job. Alex is a builder. Who is more likely to need the most carbohydrate in their diet?

A

Alex.

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4
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Control processes in the body and regulate the cells.

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5
Q

Which sense organ contains receptors that are sensitive to changes in position?

A

The ears.

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6
Q

True or false? “Drugs have no effect on your body chemistry.”

A

False.

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7
Q

True or false? “Compared to earlier versions, oral contraceptives now contain higher amounts of oestrogen.”

A

False.

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8
Q

What is meant by the term metabolic rate?

A

The speed in which chemical reactions in the body cells are carried out.

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9
Q

What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

It stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries.

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10
Q

Give two possible disadvantages of having IVF treatment.

A

Any two of; Some women have a strong reaction to the hormones and experience side effects. / There may be increased risk of cancer due to the hormonal treatment. / There is an increased chance of multiple births, which presents a risk to mother and babies.

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11
Q

What type of neurone transmits impulses to an effector in the nervous system? Give an example of an effector and describe how it responds to a stimulus.

A

Motor neurone. Muscles contract. / Glands secrete hormones.

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12
Q

On a hot day when you’re exercising, will you produce more or less urine than on a cold day when you’re sat at home?

A

Less.

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13
Q

Which nerve cells carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles or glands?

A

Motor neurones.

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14
Q

True or false? “Use of ecstasy, heroin and cannabis can cause circulator problems.”

A

True.

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15
Q

A chocolate bar contains 250 calories. A bag of crisps contains 200 calories. Which will provide more energy?

A

The chocolate bar.

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16
Q

Which side of a plant shoot will more auxin accumulate on when the shoot is exposed to light?

A

The shaded side.

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17
Q

What was thalidomide originally designed to be used as?

A

A sleeping pill.

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18
Q

True or false? “Reflex arcs always go through the brain.”

A

False.

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19
Q

True or false? “Synapses connect receptors.”

A

False.

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20
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

They use you cell to make copies of themselves, which damages the cell and makes you feel ill. / They can produce poisons that make you feel ill.

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21
Q

Explain how vaccination can protect against a disease.

A

The dead or inactive microorganism stat the vaccine contains carry antigens. White blood cells produce antibodies in response to these antigens. If the same microorganism sap pear after that, the white blood cells can quickly mass-produce the same antigens to kill the microorganisms.

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22
Q

List four internal conditions that your body needs to keep constant to survive.

A
  1. Core body temperature.
  2. Water level/amount of water in blood.
  3. Blood sugar level.
  4. Ion content in blood.
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23
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance that looks like the drug being tested, but that doesn’t do anything.

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24
Q

How many days does the menstrual cycle usually last for?

A

28 days.

25
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers.

26
Q

True or false? “LH is produced by the ovaries.”

A

False.

27
Q

How do light and gravity affect the direction a plant shoot grows in?

A

Shoots grow towards light and away from gravity.

28
Q

Which of these statements about bacteria is false?

1) Bacteria aren’t cells.
2) Some bacteria reproduce really quickly in the body.
3) Bacteria can produce toxins.

A

1) Bacteria aren’t cells.

29
Q

True or false? “Bad reactions to vaccines happen often.”

A

False.

30
Q

True or false? “Painkillers can reduce the symptoms of a disease and kill the pathogens.”

A

False.

31
Q

Which two hormones are used in oral contraceptives?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone.

32
Q

Give two differences between hormonal and nervous responses.

A

Any two of; Nervous responses are faster than hormonal ones. / Nerves act for a very short time, but hormonal responses can last for an extended period. / Nerves act on a precise area, but hormones can affect the whole body.

33
Q

How did Semmelweis cut the death rate for puerperal fever in the 1840’s?

A

He made the doctors and nurses on his ward wash their hands.

34
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?

A

It triggers the pituitary gland to produce LH. It inhabits the further release of FSH.

35
Q

Which of the food groups is most important for cell replacement?

A

Protein.

36
Q

Why are cultures of microorganisms kept at 25 degrees in school labs?

A

Harmful pathogens are unlikely to grow at this temperature.

37
Q

True or false? “For a large outbreak of an infectious disease to be prevented, everyone must be vaccinated against it.”

A

False.

38
Q

A sprouting seed is planted so that the shoot is pointing sideways. Which side will grow faster?

A

The lower side.

39
Q

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the pituitary gland?

1) FSH
2) LH
3) Oestrogen

A

3) Oestrogen.

40
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal chord.

41
Q

True or false? “Progesterone-only pills lead to more side effects than pills that contain progesterone and oestrogen.”

A

False.

42
Q

True of false? “The normal metabolism of your cells removes glucose from the blood.”

A

True.

43
Q

Why are people who exercise regularly less likely to be obese than people who do little exercise?

A

During exercise, the body uses more energy than when it’s at rest. Exercise builds muscle which boosts metabolic rate. So less of the energy the person consumes will be stored as fat.

44
Q

Why might someone choose not to be vaccinated against a disease?

A

Vaccines can sometimes cause bad reactions. / Vaccines don’t always work.

45
Q

What is a double-blind trial and why is it used in clinical trials?

A

A double-blind trial is where neither the doctor nor the patient knows whether the patient is getting the drug or the placebo until the results are gathered. This is so that the doctors monitoring the patients aren’t influenced by their knowledge.

46
Q

What’s a microorganism that causes disease called?

A

A pathogen.

47
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When a disease spreads all over the world.

48
Q

Elise takes in more energy that she uses. Will she gain weight or lose weight?

A

She’ll gain weight.

49
Q

True or false? “Hormones have longer-lasting effects than nervous impulses.”

A

True.

50
Q

What is penicillin?

A

An antibiotic.

51
Q

Why do legal drugs have a greater impact on the health of society than illegal drugs?

A

Because more people use them.

52
Q

True or false? “Smoking cannabis can cause mental health problems.”

A

True.

53
Q

In a plant root does auxin increase or inhibit growth?

A

Inhibit.

54
Q

What effect does gravitropism (geotropism) have on the shoots and roots of a plant?

A

It causes plant roots to grow towards gravity and plant shoots to grow away from gravity.

55
Q

Why is it important for our body temperature to be maintained at a certain level?

A

To provide the best temperature for our enzymes to work at.

56
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

If a patient believes they’re using an effective drug, they may start to feel better even if the drug they’re using doesn’t actually do anything.

57
Q

How do oral contraceptives containing oestrogen work?

A

Taking oestrogen inhibits the productions of FSH, which in turn stops eggs from maturing.

58
Q

What is the correct pathway for stimuli along a reflex arc?

A

Sensory neurone — relay neurone — motor neurone

Biology (4 decks)

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