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Biology > Enviroment & Evolution > Flashcards

Enviroment & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

How are genes ‘cut out’ from chromosomes in genetic engineering?

A

Using enzymes.

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2
Q

True or false? “Cloning can reduce the gene pool.”

A

True.

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3
Q

A change in the number of competing species is an example of a…

1) … Living factor.
2) … Non-living factor.

A

1) … Living factor.

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4
Q

Lichens can be used to indicate…

1) … Bacteria levels.
2) … Water pollution.
3) … Air pollution.

A

3) … Air pollution.

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each human body cell?

A

23.

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6
Q

Which of these statements best describes Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

Changes in an organism’s characteristics during their lifetime can be inherited by their offspring.

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7
Q

True or false? “In asexual reproduction, gametes fuse together to produce offspring with mixed genetic material.”

A

False.

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8
Q

Describe two ways in which desert animals are adapted to keep cool.

A

Any two of; They have a large surface area compared to volume. / They have a very thin layer of body fat. / They have a thin coat of fur.

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9
Q

In a food chain, what is meant by the term ‘primary consumer’?

A

The primary consumer is the organism that eats the producer in a food chain.

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10
Q

Explain why a compost bin might have a mesh side.

A

To let oxygen in. Microorganisms are faster at breaking down material when there’s plenty of oxygen available.

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11
Q

Why do food chains rarely have more than five stages?

A

There wouldn’t be enough energy left to support more organisms.

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12
Q

GM crops could be useful because…

1) … they’re cheap and easy to use
2) … they sell better in the shops
3) … they could give farmers a higher yield

A

3) … they could give farmers a higher yield

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13
Q

Animals use carbon to make…

1) … carbohydrates
2) … oxygen
3) … water

A

1) … carbohydrates

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14
Q

What type of reproduction creates genetic variety within the offspring?

A

Sexual reproduction

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15
Q

True or false? “Environmental changes can have a positive impact on an organism.”

A

True.

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23.

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17
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An organism that is adapted to living in very extreme conditions.

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18
Q

True or false? “None of the Sun’s energy is lost throughout a food chain.”

A

False.

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19
Q

True or false? “In embryo transplants, cloned embryos are implanted into host mothers to produce genetically identical offspring.”

A

True.

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20
Q

Suggest three living factors that might cause a decrease in the population of a species.

A

Any three of; An outbreak of infectious disease. / An increase in the number of predators. / A reduction in the availability of food sources. / An increase in the number or type of competitors.

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21
Q

Describe how lichens act as living indicators of pollution.

A

Lichens are sensitive to sulfur dioxide. The more sulfur dioxide there is in the air, the fewer lichens will grow.

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22
Q

Explain why the amount of biomass decreases at each stage as you go up a food chain.

A

Some material that makes up plants and animals is inedible, so it isn’t passed up the food chain. Mass is also lost from the food chain in waste materials.

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23
Q

Which of these would be represented by the smallest bar on a pyramid of biomass?

1) Grass
2) Rabbit
3) Fox

A

3) Fox

24
Q

Who proposed a theory of evolution that was different from Darwin’s?

A

Lamarck

25
Q

True or false? “Plants may be brightly coloured to warn off herbivores.”

A

True.

26
Q

True or false? “Living things remove materials from the environment, and these are recycled back into the environment by microorganisms.”

A

True.

27
Q

What does a change in distribution of an animal mean?

A

A change in where it lives.

28
Q

What can happen when a river becomes polluted?

A

The levels of bacteria increase.

29
Q

Why do cacti have spines instead of leaves?

A

It means there’s a small surface area to reduce water loss.

30
Q

True or false? “Genetic engineering is only used in plants.”

A

False.

31
Q

Describe the process of natural selection.

A

Individuals with characteristics that make them better dated to the environment have a better chance of survival. They are therefore more likely to survive long enough to breed and pass on the genes responsible for the useful characteristic.

32
Q

How does respiration contribute to the carbon cycle?

A

It releases carbon dioxide into the air.

33
Q

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using cloning techniques in animals.

A

Advantage: eg. Hundreds of ‘ideal’ offspring can be created every year.
Disadvantage: eg. It reduces the gene pool and so if a disease appears, the entire population could be at risk if they don’t have the allele that gives resistance to the disease.

34
Q

Give an example of a human characteristic determined only by genes.

A

Eg. Eye colour / blood group / an inherited disorder.

35
Q

How could a farmer grow crops which are resistant to insect attacks and herbicides?

A

By growing GM crops.

36
Q

Where are genes found in the cell?

A

On chromosomes.

37
Q

True or false? “Darwin’s theory wasn’t accepted at first because it provided evidence for God.”

A

False.

38
Q

True or false? “A pyramid of biomass shows the number of organisms at each stage of a food chain.”

A

False.

39
Q

Which one of these adaptations helps arctic animals survive?
A) They have a large surface area compared to volume.
B) They have thick hairy coats.
C) They produce small amounts of concentrated urine.

A

B) They have thick hairy coats.

40
Q

What do evolutionary trees show?

A

Evolutionary relationships.

41
Q

True or false? “Dissolved oxygen meters measure how much pollution there is in the atmosphere.”

A

False.

42
Q

What type of reproduction creates clones?

A

Asexual.

43
Q

List four things that all plants need to survive and reproduce.

A

Any four of; light / space / water / food (nutrients) / air.

44
Q

Describe three ways in which animals contribute to the carbon cycle.

A

Any three of; They eat plants which contain carbon compounds, and incorporate some of the carbon into their bodies. / They release carbon dioxide during respiration. / Carbon compounds are released into the soil when they produce waste. / When they die, carbon compounds can be transferred to other animals that feed on their remains, or into the soil.

45
Q

Describe the role of enzymes in genetic engineering.

A

Enzymes are used to cut genes from one organisms chromosome and insert them into the chromosome of a different organism.

46
Q

Which is an example of a characteristic affected by both genetic and environmental variation?

A

Weight.

47
Q

Bees are able to deter predators by…
A) … Being able to fly.
B) … Producing a poison.
C) … Making honey.

A

B) … Producing a poison.

48
Q

True of false? “Different genes control different characteristics within an organism.”

A

True.

49
Q

In what type of reproduction do gametes fuse together?

A

Sexual.

50
Q

Why does adult cell cloning require an electric shock?

A

To help the cell start to divide.

51
Q

Which one of these things isn’t needed by animals in order to survive?

A

Light.

52
Q

True or false? “Embryo transplants can be used to clone plants.”

A

False.

53
Q

True or false? “A mutation is always bad for a species.”

A

False.

54
Q

Describe how invertebrate species can be used to indicate the level of dissolved oxygen in a river.

A

Different invertebrate species are adapted to live in different conditions. E.g. Mayfly larvae are very sensitive to oxygen levels, so they’re only found in clean water with high levels of oxygen. Sludgeworms/rat-tailed maggots have adapted to live in low oxygen conditions, so they will be found in polluted water.

55
Q

Give one benefit of the decay process.

A

E.g. It recycles elements back to the soil so that they can be used by plants to grow.

56
Q

Briefly describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution. Why was it rejected by the scientific community?

A

Lamarck believed that if a characteristic was used a lot by an organism, it would become more developed during its lifetime. These developed characteristics could then be passed on to offspring. This theory was rejected because experiments show that acquired characteristics aren’t passed on to offspring.

Biology (4 decks)

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