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Enzymes & Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do we mean by isolation in terms of populations of organisms?

A

Where populations of the same species become separated.

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2
Q

True or false? “Fossils can be formed from the footprints and burrows of an organism that have been preserved over time.”

A

True.

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3
Q

What is an organisms genotype?

A

The alleles that the organism has.

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4
Q

What pH is it in the stomach?

A

pH2

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does a sperm cell contain?

A

23

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6
Q

Alex walked to catch the bus, but Peter was late so had to run. What heart rate will be higher?

A

Peter.

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7
Q

True or false? “Some people think embryo screening is ethically wrong.”

A

True.

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8
Q

“Digestion is the only role played by enzymes in the body” Explain why this statement is incorrect.

A

Although they play an important role in digestion, enzymes also control all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells.

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9
Q

Describe what is meant by muscle fatigue and explain when it occurs.

A

Muscle fatigue is where the muscles tire and can no longer contract efficiently. It occurs when lactic acid builds up in the muscles during anaerobic respiration.

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10
Q

Give two functions of mitosis.

A

Any two of, e.g. Asexual reproduction. / Growth. / Repair or replacements of damaged cells.

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11
Q

Describe the idea that Mendel proposed as a result of his research on pea plants.

A

That characteristics are passed from one generation to the next by separately inherited factors which he names ‘hereditary units’.

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12
Q

How many cell divisions occur during meiosis?

A

2

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13
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Long chains of amino acids.

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14
Q

True or false? “Fossils can help to show us how species have evolved.”

A

True.

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15
Q

True or false? “Enzymes can usually catalyse many different types of reaction.”

A

False.

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16
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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17
Q

What structure does DNA have?

A

A double helix structure.

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18
Q

True or false? “It’s completely random which organisms survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.”

A

False.

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19
Q

True or false? “Stem cell research is banned in the UK.”

A

True.

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20
Q

Which sex chromosome causes male characteristics to develop?

A

The Y chromosome causes male characteristics to develop.

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21
Q

Give two factors that might cause a species to become extinct.

A

Any two of, e.g. Destruction of habitat. / A new predator. / A new disease. / Competition with another, more successful species for resources. / A catastrophic event, e.g. A volcanic eruption. / The development of new species through speciation.

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22
Q

A tall pea with two dominant ‘T’ alleles and a dwarf pea plant with two recessive ‘t’ alleles are crossed to produce a pea plant with the genotype Tt. What will the new plants phenotype be? Explain your answer.

A

The plant will be tall, as the tall allele (T) is dominant over the recessive dwarf allele (t).

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23
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

DNA fingerprinting is a process used to identify individuals from their DNA, based on the fact that everyone’s DNA is unique.

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24
Q

Where in a cell do most of the reactions involved in aerobic respiration take place?

A

The mitochondria.

25
Q

What are Mendel’s ‘hereditary units’ now known as?

A

Genes.

26
Q

True or false? “The alleles for cystic fibrosis and polydactyly are both dominant.”

A

False.

27
Q

The role of digestive enzymes is to…

1) … Catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules.
2) … Catalyse the formation of large molecules from smaller ones.

A

1) … Catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules.

28
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

A

They denature.

29
Q

Which of the following doesn’t use mitosis?

1) Asexual reproduction
2) Producing gametes
3) Replacing damaged cells.

A

3) Producing gametes.

30
Q

True or false? ‘DNA fingerprinting is a technique that can be used to identify different individuals”?

A

True.

31
Q

If a plant has a dominant and recessive ‘hereditary unit’ for a characteristic, which will be displayed by the plant?

A

The dominant characteristic.

32
Q

In terms of populations, describe what is meant by the term isolation.

A

Where populations of a species become separated.

33
Q

Which of the following doesn’t produce amylase?
A) The salivary glands.
B) The pancreas.
C) The stomach.

A

The stomach.

34
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA.

35
Q

True or false? “Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.”

A

False.

36
Q

True or false? “The optimum pH for all enzymes to work is pH 7.”

A

False.

37
Q

What sex chromosomes does a male have?

A

XY.

38
Q

Gregor Mendel was an Australian mock who…
A) … Discovered that men have a Y chromosome.
B) … Showed that embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell.
C) … Investigated how pea plants pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next.

A

C) … Investigated how pea plants pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next.

39
Q

True or false? “Aerobics respiration occurs in plants and animals all the time.”

A

True.

40
Q

Which type of cell division produces gametes?

A

Meiosis.

41
Q

Describe what happens to an enzyme if the temperature is too high.

A

The enzymes unique shape changes. As an enzymes shape is essential to its function, it won’t work any more.

42
Q

What is meant by embryo screening?

A

The process in which cells are removed from an embryo and checked to see if the embryo will suffer from certain genetic disorders.

43
Q

What is a fossil?

A

Fossils are the remains or impressions of plants and animals that were alive many years ago.

44
Q

Explain why speciation might occur if two populations of the same species are isolated from one another by a flood.

A

Each population has a range of alleles that control their characteristics. If there are different conditions on either side of the flood, different characteristics will become more common in each population due to natural selection. Eventually individuals from each population will become so different that they will no longer be able to interbreed successfully.

45
Q

If a dog with long hair (Hh) was bred with a dog with short hair (hh), what possible combinations of alleles could be produced?

A

Hh, hh

46
Q

Give three arguments for using embryos in stem cell research.

A

Stem cells may be used to cure many diseases. Some people believe that preventing the suffering of a living person is more important than protecting the rights of embryos. The embryos used in research are usually unwanted ones from fertility clinics, so this puts them to good use, rather than letting them go to waste.

47
Q

Why is the shape of an enzyme important for its function?

A

So that it fits the substance involved in the reaction it is catalysing.

48
Q

How many gametes are produced when one starting cell completes meiosis?

A

4.

49
Q

True or false? “Each gene codes for a specific lipid.”

A

False.

50
Q

True or false? “Chromosomes are normally found in pairs in body cells.”

A

True.

51
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene.

52
Q

During exercise, which of the following happens?

A

The rate and depth of your breathing increases.

53
Q

At which temperatures are biological detergents more effective than other detergents?

A

Low temperatures.

54
Q

True or false? “All plant cells lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage.”

A

False.

55
Q

Alex has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. Is Alex a boy or a girl?

A

Alex is a boy. (Male = XY, Female = XX)

56
Q

What is the role of protease enzymes in the stomach?

A

Protease enzymes catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach.

57
Q

Give us two uses of the energy produced by respiration.

A

Any two of, e.g. To build up larger molecules (e.g. proteins) from smaller ones. / In animals, to allow muscles to contract. / In mammals and birds, to keep the body temperature steady. / In plants, to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids.

58
Q

Explain how sexual reproduction produces variation.

A

During sexual reproduction two gametes fuse together, producing a new cell. This cell contains a mixture of chromosomes - some from the mother and sone from the father. This means it inherits a combination of features from each parent, producing variation.

Biology (4 decks)

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